Feminist Vs. Postmodern Therapies - 928 Words

The last two approaches we have covered in class offer some distinct views compared to the other conventional methods we have covered. The approaches that will be discussed in this paper include feminist and postmodern therapies. These two approaches give us insight on a feminist perspective and their struggle for equality, while the other focuses on client exceptions and not dwelling on the past. I felt that postmodern therapies are a real way to give the client not only hope but confidence, by allowing them to see how â€Å" instances of success† or â€Å"exceptions† allow them to overcome problems they are having. Applications Being that I want to work with Veterans in the future, the approached that seemed to have a more significant over the others in this field, would be narrative therapy. Narrative therapy is a strength-based social constructive model that stresses empowerment and the inter subjectivity of the client(Day, 2009, pg. 86). This would be a great approach to use on veterans suffering from this disorder but it also depends on the gravity of their disorder. If a veteran is having severe issues, a more conventional approach might be taken like, cognitive-behavioral therapy or a collaboration of two. In narrative therapy we look for unique outcomes in people life s that tell us about, life events and narratives that are not consistent with the person s life story tend to be abandoned(Palgi Ben-zra, 2010, pg. 8). These events are then used to form a new narrativeShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Counseling And Therapy Theories6153 Words   |  25 Pagescounseling theories influence your understand ing of how to work with consumers with disabilities. The theories we learned provided a broad-based understanding of numerous factors related to the evolution of counseling and therapy theories and practices, along with new counseling and therapy skills. The important premise that underscores one of the central challenges of counseling and psychotherapy is that we are all in the same world, but each of us makes different sense of what we see and experience. ThatRead MoreEssay Juvenile Delinquency5272 Words   |  22 Pageschemical makeup, the potential for crime would be greatly reduced. However, psychological theories suggest that criminal behavior is a result of a person’s dysfunctional character. It is believed the required treatment in this case would be extreme therapy. Sociological theories focus on the structure of society as a contributing factor of criminal behavior. It is thought that by making changes in socialization, there is potential for achievement (Schmalleger, 2009). â€Å"Social process approaches

Research Paper Bullying - 1634 Words

Strategies to Prevent Bullying One in five children between the ages of ten and eighteen, have been bullied both inside and outside of school. Government officials, and school administrators, are taking strides to prevent the act of bullying. Laws and anti-bully programs are being passed all over the United States to stop the bullying epidemic. There are bullies all over, torturing children for things such as appearance, sexual orientation, race, personality and much more. Due to these bullies, children and young adults chose to take their lives to end the pain they are receiving from others hurtful words and actions. The government and schools are attempting to do whatever they can to prevent bullying from getting worse. The government†¦show more content†¦School administrators have put in tons of effort into making school assemblies and programs to raise awareness for bullying and to take care of the whole student body in their schools. A middle school in Hillsborough, Flo rida, experienced many situations with bullying. Most of which that were severe and harmful to the victim. Several boys were caught physically and verbally attacking a much younger student. In this middle school, the â€Å"Bully Busters† program was started to raise awareness of the severe case of bullying. The program launched a website to help both students and adults fully understand what bullying is. The â€Å"Bully Busters† made and distributed 5,000 posters, 10,000 bookmarks, and covered 50 benches in the area with information about their program (Brock). Staff in schools agree that children need to follow through with acts of kindness and show that they are well raised. Disciplinary actions are taken in schools when children behave in a way that might be harmful to other children in the classrooms. â€Å"Developed at the Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC) in Eugene, LIFT [Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers] teaches the children the social skills n ecessary for nonaggressive interaction. It targets all children not just those who are aggressive, and is unique in that it also involves both parents and teachers† (McCarthy). SomeShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper-Bullying1614 Words   |  7 PagesBullying â€Å"Words will never hurt me† used to be just an expression, but now bullying has gotten so bad that words really do hurt, this is known as â€Å"bullicide†. Many children, teens, and even some adults are victims of physical, verbal, or cyber bullying. Bullying affects victims negatively and can sometimes lead to suicide. Children, parents, and teachers need to work to prevent and end bullying. Bullying is a serious issue that has numerous causes and effects that can sometimes be life changingRead MoreCyber Bullying Research Paper1670 Words   |  7 Pagesforming a Bullying Prevention Coordinating Committee, consisting of representatives from each key stakeholder group such as school administrators, teaching staff, and non-teaching staff, parents, and other local authorities. The Bullying Prevention Coordinating Committee (BPCC) will attend a two-day training to better understand program implementation. The Olweus Student Questionnaire will be administered to all hi gh school students in order to obtain a baseline for the prevalence of bullying. The questionnaireRead MoreTeens as Victims of Cyberbullying1482 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Around half of teens have been the victims of cyber bullies,† Richard Webster from the â€Å"Cyber bullying is when a person or a group is trying to embarrass and harm or intimidate those who are weaker than them†. â€Å"Cyber bullying to texting: What’s on your kids ‘Cell?† What is cyber bullying? The Stop bullying Organization explains what the meaning of cyber bullying is. Cyber bullies are able to use cells phones and the internet to make it very easy bully other people. Lawmakers and Schools shouldRead MoreBullying Is A Social Problem For Decades Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesBullying has been a social problem for decades. Bullying started out with name calling, but today bulling comes in different forms. You find bullying in schools, texts, and social media to name a fe w. The following information provided in this research paper discusses the history of bullying and how the history has shaped bullying today. The paper will provide informative background information about bullying and the definition of bullying. This paper will discuss the roles and skills of the humanRead MoreBullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior.1153 Words   |  5 PagesSummary/Critique Paper Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F.I.M. Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P. (2005). Bullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research, 20(1), 81-91. In this paper, bullying was defined as a form of aggressive behavior or negative actions reoccurring over time between children who bully and those who are victimized (Fekkes, Pijpers, Verloove-Vanhorick, 2005). Furthermore, Fekkes et al. (2005) suggested bullying as aRead MoreStatistical Analysis Paper798 Words   |  4 PagesStatistical Analysis Paper Sheri Tuggle BSHS/435 Research and Statistics in Human Services April 21, 2014 Staci Lowe Statistical Analysis Paper Social workers are interested and concerned with the experiences of people he or she assists or work with, and this makes qualitative research so important. This research method provide social workers with a better understanding of issues and situations. Qualitative research inform social workers about the best wayRead MoreAbstract Bullying1358 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Bullying is a social and psychological issue among animals and humans that emerges in an emotional, verbal, or physical form. Although the issue of bullying among humans has existed for quite some time, recent research of the issue has grown significantly and indicates that bullying takes many forms and effects individuals or groups of different ages, genders, races, geographic locations, and socio-economic status. There are many causes of bullying and the goal of the analysis is to Read MoreCurrent Literature Regarding the History of Bullying Research1254 Words   |  6 PagesAdult bullying at work is shockingly common and very destructive. In an in-depth analysis of 146 organizations worldwide, workplaces evidencing bullying on a relatively routine basis made up 44% of the total analyzed. U.S. studies also suggest alarming prevalence rates. During any given 6 to 12 month period, up to 13 percent of workers are bullied on the job; this increases significantly when counting those bullied anytime during their careers .These numbers translate to millions of workers: AccordingRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects1411 Words   |  6 PagesStudies indicate that cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled in past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not be tolerated. The expansion of communication technologiesRead MoreWorkplace Is A Serious Problem For Nurses Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pageswork environment (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2016). Despite their encouragement, bullying in the workplace is a serious problem for nurses. While there are no federal laws protecting nurses, many states have set forth reg ulations directed at reducing workplace violence. At this time, Colorado does not have any regulations, bills, or laws preventing bullying, incivility, or workplace violence. This paper will propose the introduction of the Healthy Workplace Bill (HWB) to the state of Colorado

Importance and role of radio and tv in nigeria free essay sample

Radio and Television as broadcast media have undoubtedly been of immense influence and have contributed tremendously to national development, specifically Nigeria. The success of these media is unconnected with its message content and large audience. This work aims at giving detailed insight as to how the broadcast media have contributed to national development in Nigeria as well as problems limiting its role. DEFINATION OF TERMS DEVELOPMENT The decades since the end of World War Two have witnessed an unrivalled drive for economic and social development by the majority of the world’s nations. Since the Civil war, development has been synonymous with economic, social, and political change in Nigeria. The Nigerian people, though diversified are united by their commitment for development. In order to understand the whole rationale behind the desire for development we should explain development even though there is no consensus about the meaning of development. Development therefore can be defined as the capacity of a state to increase its human resource with the aim of achieving higher outcome of production for the satisfaction of the basic needs of majority of its citizens and empowering them to make demands on the government. This view of development is purely a later adjustment of the initial view of the concept which was much economic oriented. Development can also be seen as the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. It refers to a change process geared at improving or making better, the life and environment of man. Dudley Sears (1985), posited that development involves the creation of opportunities for the realization of human potentialities. Also, according to the Oxford Dictionary, development means â€Å"a new stage in a changing situation. † To develop is to become more advanced. In the context of a nation, Eapen projected that three major factors must be considered in any discussion on development – economic growth, self reliance, and social justice. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT National development is a term that refers to a sustainable growth and development of a nation to a more desirable one. National development is people oriented and its success is evaluated in terms of the impact it has had in improving the lot of the masses. In defining the concept, the third national development plan of 1980says’’True development must mean the development of man, the unfolding and realization of his creative potentials, enabling him to improve his material conditions of living through the use of resources available to him. It is a process by which mans personality is enhanced. On his own part Enahoro, cited in Onabajo and M’Bayo (2009) says national development should be man oriented and not institution oriented, that is, individually in collectiveness and not individual. To Elugbe, (1994), national development refers among other things, to the growth of the nation in terms of unity, education, economic well being and mass participation in government. Development entails the provision of all the necessary materials and equipments that will guarantee that man in every society make a living and essence out of life. National development involves changes or advancement in a nation aimed at improving the political, economic and social lives of the people. It also involves political, economic and social factors. Development is a qualitative change, which entails changes in the structure of the economy, social environment, and political disposition. The targets of national development are the people, because it is focused on human population. The overall object of national development is human development, the purpose of which is to enlarge people’s choices for greater access to knowledge; better nutrition and health services; more secure livelihoods; security against crime and physical violence; political and cultural freedoms; and a sense of participation in community activities. HISTORY OF RADIO NIGERIA ORIGIN OF RADIO AND TELEVISION IN NIGERIA Origin of Radio in Nigeria The history of radio in Nigeria can be traced back to 1932when a monitoring and listening base was set up in Lagos with the introduction of the Radio Distribution System by the British colonial government under the Department of Post and Telegraphs (PT). The Radio Distribution System (RDS) was a reception base for the British Broadcasting Corporation and a relay station, through wire systems connected to loudspeakers at the listening end of subscribers who paid small subscription fees. This was carried out sequel to a decision by the decision of the British Government in London to link its West African colonies with their mother country, Britain. In 1935, the Radio Distribution System was changed to Radio Diffusion system. The aim was to spread the efforts of Britain and her allies during the Second World War through the BBC. In 1939, the colonial public relation office, later to become Federal Department of Information began supplying the Radio Distribution Station with short cultural programmes featuring Nigerian artiste. Ibadan station was commissioned in 1939, followed by the Kano station in 1944. Later, a re-appraisal of radio broadcast objectives gave birth to the establishment of the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) in 1950. The NBS began broadcast in Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna, Kano and Enugu on short wave and medium wave transmitters. Through a Bill by the House of Representatives, the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) was established in 1956. The NBC took up the responsibilities of radio broadcast in Nigeria. The Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) was established in 1978. In 1962,The Voice of Nigeria (VON) which served as the external service was established . With the creation of more states and each state wanting to propagate its people and culture, the pace for radio broadcast began in Nigeria and has spread fast across the length and breadth of the nation. In 1976, the states were enlarged to 19 by the Federal Military Government of General Murtala Mohammed. Each state was granted the right to establish radio stations on medium wave or AM band while the short wave was reserved for Radio Nigerian stations Lagos, Enugu, Kaduna and Ibadan. 1n 1977, AM/FM was inaugurated as second sound channel and the NBC had its name changed to Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) in 1978 and by 1980, FRCN stations were established in other states. By 1992, Radio broadcasting in Nigeria had attained full fledge development with the removal of government monopoly in radio and television broadcasting. This was signalled by the establishment of NBC Decree No. 38 of 1992 given by the military government of Gen. Ibrahim Babangida. By 1993, licence was given for private broadcasting in Nigeria. Dr. Raymond Dokpesi set the ball rolling in 1994 when he established Nigeria’s first private radio station, Ray Power Radio. Three months later, Minaj Systems Radio was set up by Mike Ajegbo in Anambara state. ORIGIN OF TELEVISION The beginning of what can be termed as proper broadcasting in Nigeria that is the ability to originate and disseminate indigenous local programmes can be traced to the middle of the 20th century when the National Broadcasting Commission’s (NBC) was established on April 1, 1957 as a statutory department of government with the responsibility for putting in place and running extensive radio network capable of providing programmes to any member of public in Nigeria who had access to either a wireless receiving set or a box. The evolution of television in Nigeria followed a similar pattern as that of radio. The irony here is that while it was the Federal Government that started the first radio broadcasting station in the country, it was a regional government that first ventured into television broadcasting, Chief Obafemi Awolowo then premier of western region of Nigeria established the first in Nigeria and indeed Africa in 1959. The birth of the Western Nigerian Television (WNTV) has been described as accidental in so far as chief Awolowo embarked on it due to his inability to use the services of the Federal Radio station to reply to the broadcast of then Governor-General Macpherson over the constitutional matters of 1953. Although the principal aim of establishing the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) as was claimed by the proponents was to serve as surrogate teacher in improving the regional school systems that were handicapped by ill-qualified teachers or a shortage of them in certain subject areas. It would be recalled that chief Awolowo was denied the use of the Federal radio even when the commission’s has an obligation to give objective and impartial news and views to its listeners. Thus angered by this and other related developments and taking into cognizance the 1954 constitutional provision in which broadcasting ceased to be in the federal exclusive list, chief Awolowo established in partnership with overseas Rediffusion Company limited of the United Kingdom, the Western Nigerian Television (WNTV) at Ibadan. The station was operated as an arm of the Western Nigeria broadcasting commission’s which by 1960 has introduced radio broadcast over the whole region. Following the success of the Western Region’s effort, the other two regions in Nigeria then, North and East upon realizing the power and influence of radio and television went on to establish their own broadcast stations. In 1960, the Eastern Regional government set up the Eastern Nigeria Television Station at Enugu. Shortly after in 1962, the Northern Nigerian Regional government and a British Television company- Grenada Electrical Co. CONTRIBUTIONS OF RADIO AND TELEVISION TO NIGERIA’S NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTODUCTION There is no doubt that Radio and Television have an important role to play in society, but how the role is pursued and carried out is a matter of critical importance. Where the broadcast media pursue the role in the face of professionalism, truth, fairness and justice, then the society immensely benefits. The relationship between radio/television and national development has been tested in this study, and found to be positive. Research conducted in various Nigerian societies at different times indicates that the broadcast media play a crucial role in national development. They represent the tool for shaping public opinion; promoting democracy and good governance, influencing behaviour; facilitating nation-building, educating members of society; and promoting policies that guarantee high quality of life. The broadcast media, as vanguards for political, economic and social development, represent a functional organism that carries out a specific role in society. The crucial role played by radio and television in national development is not in doubt. The role covers the political, economic and social spheres. The media set the public agenda and act as the gatekeeper of public issues. For the broadcast media to successfully contribute to national development there are certain roles expected of them. These roles include providing checks and balances in democracy (Fourth Estate), setting public agenda, gate-keeping, watchdog, health enlightenment e. t. c. HEALTH Radio and television helps health workers expand their audience reach, which is crucial considering the fact that face-to-face channels of communication often require too many human resources and reach only a small number of people in large, rural areas especially when radio as a medium is used. The broadcast media provides an important link between the rural residents and vital health information. Environment pollution and ecological imbalances have challenged the life on earth in modern times. Rapid population growth, Urbanization problem of drain, huge stock of garbage, deforestation, evacuation of sarcastic gases from industry and automobiles are some of the reasons of environment pollution. Necessity of clear environment for health and hygiene, need of sanitation, information about birth control devices are brought to the masses through different radio and television programmes. General awareness about the environment and its problems are raised through broadcast programmes. The broadcast media, in the form of the radio and television, are an effective way to persuade target audiences to adopt new behaviours, or to remind them of critical information. Besides keeping the public informed about new diseases and where to seek help, they also propagate various health campaigns such as immunisation campaign. The broadcast media can empower rural populations to fight major causes of infant mortality such as diarrheal, dehydration and diseases which can be prevented through vaccination, inform large numbers of people of seasonal or daily variations for such activities as an immunization campaign or availability of a new product or service, teach new health skills such as how to mix oral rehydration solution, promote new health behaviours such as taking ivermectin once a year, motivate ad hoc or organized listening groups, and increase community acceptance of health workers. Good health is very important to the existence and progress of any society as only healthy people can take part in developmental activities. According to Nwosu, a healthy mind and critical thinking necessary for effective performance for leaders, managers and the masses at large. Good healthis a senequanum for achieving participatory human development. Case Study: Messages for a Vaccination Campaign In order to increase the number of children less than a year old receiving vaccinations in Nigeria, radio and television broadcasts were created because almost everybody utilized one or both media channels. According to a study done later to determine the efficacy of the campaign, using the radio and television resulted in more children being vaccinated on schedule. These results show that in places where people use broadcast media regularly and vaccinations are available, effective radio and television spots can increase vaccination rates and extend the reach of health workers . short rural radio programs can be development by recording local skits and brief interviews with parents. Powerful synergy between two communication channels is achieved when village skits are broadcasting on local radio stations. Radio can be used with great success as health communication tools. Not only are they cheaper and more readily available in rural areas, their programs can also be adapted to suit local needs in terms of language, culture and values. In Nigeria, the use of radio spots or advertisement have been used successfully to combat malaria. Case Study: Using Radio for Diarrheal Disease Control in Nigeria To prevent the deaths of infants and young children from diarrheal, radio broadcasts were used to train health professionals to treat the disease, distribute relevant health materials and set up places where mothers could learn how to prepare medication properly. According to the evaluative study performed later, given a similar level of staff effort but the far greater coverage achieved by radio, it was found that more than twice the number of mothers learned the correct procedure for mixing SSS (the medication) from the radio than did those who learned it from face-to-face communication. This provides strong evidence that the radio campaign was a successful health communication strategy. EDUCATION: Education continues to be a crucial means to national development as a well educated and trained population contribute significantly to the socio-economic development of a country. The broadcast medium sees to the enlightenment of its audience. Through the kind of information relayed, talk shows on topical issues for example sex education, domestic violence, women empowerment etc utility programmes e. g â€Å" productive entrepreneur† aired on 96. 9 cool FM radio which teaches its audience what to do, how to achieve a task etc. Ignorance is therefore alleviated to a large extent as members of the society are enlightened. By this, acts of ignorance and false values which clouded the judgment of broadcast audience are discarded through education posed by both radio and television; members of the society inculcate fundamental values. Enlightened by means of this education citizens develop the capacity to contribute to welfare of the society. Development cannot be conceived in the absence of education nor born in the presence of ignorance. The education given by the broadcast media vary from social values/ acceptable norms, as in distinguishing between good and bad behaviour, developing spirit of tolerance ( anger management) health related issues such as dieting, weight loss, keeping fit etc. By developing the mind of the masses, they are equipped for national building. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Radio and television can affect politics and culture, support institutional change and development. Communication is not only a tool for the expression of ideas and opinions, but very often acts as catalyst for development of the society. The exercise of free expression allows all sectors to debate and construct solutions for political problems. Some of the areas in which political solutions are sought through the role of the media are discussed below: Democracy and Good Governance: The broadcast media form an important and influential bridge, a crucial channel, between government and people. The right to democratic governance is a fundamental human right to be exercised by people through free and fair elections. Accountability of political leaders to the people; transparency in political, economic and social affairs; recognition of the views and opinions of the public in the formulation of policies; and providing citizens the opportunities to discuss, without fear of intimidation, policies and issues, constitute the measure of good governance. Free, fair and accurate media is essential to a healthy, functioning democracy. Broadcast media are required to enable the public make informed electoral choices; have effective input into public affairs, ensure that the rule of law is upheld; and that the mechanisms designed to check abuses of power can function properly. Overall, the broadcast media therefore act as â€Å"facilitators to check dictators, arrogant leaders and political elites that think they can get away with their actions. This can be achieved through talk shows on radio and television, this creates room for political leaders to be questioned (interviewed) and made to account for their actions and inactions. Phone in programmes on radio gives the common man direct access to their leaders thereby fostering democracy in its true nature. â€Å"Sunrise† on Channels television is a good example of a programme that ensures accountability of public office holders and politicians. The programme invites national dignitaries, interview them and hold them accountable to their office on national television. Proper investigations are made before such interviews and so where there are loopholes, they are thrashed out during interview. Political Transparency: Transparency refers to the political values of openness and democratic accountability. According to Balkin, it encompasses three political virtues; informational, participatory and accountability. The media can make the political system more transparent by helping people understand the operations of government, participate in political decisions, and hold government officials accountable. It is however worthy of note that the media can be manipulated by politicians by diverting audience attention, and supplement politics with new realities that crowd out and eventually displace other political realities and political issues. â€Å"Focus Nigeria† aired on African Independent Television is a good example of a programme which promotes political transparency. Topical issues of political and national interest are dissected, giving the audience better understanding and information on government operations. Human Rights: Human rights are the rights which every human being is entitled to enjoy and to have protected. The media can defend these rights as enshrined in national constitutions and recognised by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Such rights include the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of association, and the right to a fair hearing. By giving voice and information to the people, the media automatically protects the freedom of speech. Media attention can prevent or deter the abuses of human rights by despotic regimes, as was the case of apartheid South Africa, former Yugoslavia and Idi Amin’s Uganda, not always by changing the character of such regimes, but more by focusing international condemnation of their actions. Today in Nigeria, through media enlightenment, citizens have been empowered, and have been able to avoid exploitation and infringement of their rights by legal, political and national authorities e. g The Nigerian Police force. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Radio and television can boost economic development by promoting good governance and empowering citizens, so that economies can function better. The Georgia Economic Developers Association (GEDA) defines economic development as a sustainable process of creating economic opportunity for all citizens; stimulating business investment; diversifying the public revenue base; and enhancing quality of life. Economic development, according to the US Department of Commerce, is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity of a national economy. It is about economic growth, increase in competitiveness, sustainable development, reduction of poverty and inequality, increasing wages and benefits, and industrial policy. The key areas associated with media contribution to economic development are: Business and Investment Environment: For economy to grow, it requires the enabling environment for businesses and investments to flourish. The media can provide atmosphere for healthy trade; foster business climate of transparency and accountability; and ensure that accurate financial information is available to potential investors. Global and foreign media report on international economic issues, currency markets and international trade. The broadcast media can however make or mar the enabling environment. Publications on threats to the national security environment, such as wars, civil unrests, epidemics, violent crimes, corruption etc. , are known to have scared away investors. The consequence could be capital flight, disinvestment, and decline in production and services. Freedom of expression as a fundamental right, must go with corresponding media responsibility. It should be noted that the media, though committed to getting the story right, are also in the business of reporting exciting news to sell. If not well balanced, by taking cognisance of national interest, such news can have a devastating effect on national economy. Through the broadcast media content, economic analysis which are highly informative, are made. Business ideas are sold out to the public, vital information such as how to run a business are relayed. A good example of television programme geared towards national economic development is â€Å"African Born Business† showing on Money Mart Television on channel 17, Daar Sat. Economic Empowerment: The poor and women in Nigeria are usually the economically disadvantaged groups. Radio and television enhances the ability of poor and disenfranchised members of society to make their voices heard. They have the duty to expose the living conditions of the poor and the oppressed, so that the leadership would feel some pressure to act. The broadcast media can also help in sensitizing government programmes on poverty alleviation and economic empowerment, so that public services are made more responsive to the poor. On women, empirical studies show that women’s access to the broadcast media is associated with better income and in addition to better health and fertility outcomes. In situations or places faced with economic meltdown, the broadcast media have proferred solutions severally through proper analysis. The use of Radio and television all over the world has not only reduced the gap of information, but has also contributed to the economic growth of nations, specifically Nigeria. Communication, has contributed to the rapid economic development of various societies in Nigeria. MEDIA AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The World Bank defines social development as development that is equitable, socially inclusive and therefore sustainable Social development promotes various institutions at all levels that are responsive, accountable and inclusive. It empowers the poor and vulnerable people to participate effectively in development processes. To play a role in social development, Radio and television assist the society in tackling problems of corruption, criminal violence, communal conflicts, public health and related issues. Corruption: Corruption has been seen as the abuse of public power for personal gain or for the benefit of a group to which one owes allegiance. Corruption is said to distort economic and social development. It does so by engendering wrong choices and by encouraging competition in bribery rather than in the quality and price of goods and services. The broadcast media can expose corruption in both the government and corporate sector. According to Stapenhurst, media can act as a force against corruption in ways that are both tangible and intangible. For Ogosoo, it is the key role of radio and television to educate society and expose the acts of corruption. In Nigeria, the broadcast media can broadcast reports which can affect the reputation of key individuals in society and corrupt activities. Since people care about their reputation, the broadcast media attention can provide strong incentives for changing behaviour, therefore about corruption, and secondly, as watchdog, reputational penalties and rewards can be powerful in ensuring accountability toward constituents. There are other external examples in which the broadcast media contributed to ousting of corrupt leaders, such as Presidents Bucaram in Ecuador, Perez in Venezuela, Collar in Brazil, Estrada in Philippines and Nixon in US. Machebu S. as cited by Yakasai A. S. 1996, stated, â€Å"The press in Nigeria can never properly claim to be discharging any significant responsibility if it fails to consistently, describe if not denounce, the countless ways in which the pursuit of wealth corrupts the polity and Compromises our future†. Communal Conflicts: Racial violence; widespread ethnic rivalry and religious intolerance in parts of Nigeria, and widespread prejudice and discrimination against national minorities, are all part of the national news reporting. The outbreak of conflict in Anambara and the simmering conflicts based on religious rivalry and ethnic differences in Nigeria are examples. The most important question therefore is how should the media foster balance in communication when reporting events on conflicts? This is an important challenge to the broadcast media. Free from bias in reporting, the media can play the role of enhancing political stability and national integration, especially in multi-ethnic, multi-religious heterogeneous societies Nigeria. Disasters: The electronic media provide extensive coverage of disasters, particularly those with strong visual impact that is television. Radio and television could broadcast early warnings, evacuation information and increase public awareness about risks and responses for example, the overflow of the river Niger as a result of the opening of the Cameroon dam in 2013. This particular incidence led to flooding of various communities in the eastern region. The major route from Kogi state to Eastern Nigeria was block as a result of flood. People had to be evacuated from their homes temporarily and needed sustenance; food. The broadcast media was swift to report this disaster. Various television coverage was able to show the extent of harm done, the plight of those affected, this led to or instituted nation affection or reaction as relief was sent from various parts of Nigeria to the victims. Also, travellers heading to Eastern Nigeria were adequately informed on the situation of the road and were able to avoid the lane. The broadcast media undoubtedly set the issue as one of national interest, and therefore was treated in that manner. As a medium, one of the most basic applications of the television lies in its ability to portray the devastation of disasters, both as they occur and in their aftermath. Fry identifies major categories of disasters which can harm the welfare of the society; Natural such as such as earthquake, floods, hurricanes and drought; Technological; such as plane crashes, oil spills and nuclear reactor failure. A study in Nigeria compared state government allocations of relief spending and public food distribution during natural disasters. Distribution of relief was greater in states with higher television viewership and radio audience. When disasters occur, the broadcast media play multiple roles: (i) Purvey information on incidents. (ii) They can impact news of impending disaster, convey the effects of events that have taken place or are unfolding. (iii) Natural disaster coverage can lead to political action. (iv) Disaster stories may evoke sympathy, community solidarity, and national action. Peace-Building: Peace-building means strengthening the prospects for peace and weakening the chances of renewed violence in war-torn states of a country. The goal of peace-building is to enhance the capacity of a society to manage its own conflicts without violence. The broadcast media are a force to reckon with in peace-building situation. They clear the way for the enforcement of human rights which are likely to be abused in times of emergency, and these would include protection of women and children against abuse; health and control of epidemics; law and order, specifically exposing and preventing arbitrary arrests, torture and inhuman treatment, etc. The radio is a very good medium for this, programmes such as â€Å"Love Nigeria† on Hot 98. 3 Abuja is popular for its human right activism and instillation of love and patriotism which fosters peace amongst the masses and audience member. In order to ensure a peaceful national coexistence and progress, the broadcast media discourages such negative issues as ethnicity, dictatorship in leadership and of course discourage embezzlement of public funds, as it is the disturbing trend presently indulged by politicians occupying positions of responsibilities and related public officers in Nigeria. Perhaps if the media in Nigeria were carrying out or were allowed to ideally carry out their function of investigating facts and announcing them to the public, the recent suspension of former CBN Governor, Sanusi Lamido over the disappearance of funds NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING: The need of national integration and international understanding is essential in all quarters in modern times. Countries are coming close to each other now-a-days through rapid communication revolution. The sense of unity, co-operation and mutual relation are to be fostered among people to ensure a peaceful living within Nigeria and other parts of the world. TV programmes on the role of UNESCO, UNO and World Bank for international understanding as well as common cultural programmes like Celebration of National Day, Centenary programme e. t. c strengthen national integration and are welcomed in our nation. INCULCATION OF SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL VALUES: Socio-Political and Cultural achievement of the country described through different programmes to foster the sense of brotherhood among the people of different caste, creed and sex. Changing social systems, cultural and political issues are also brought for discussion and debate and exhibition on cultural exchange and political reviews are necessary for preservation of cultural values. Through television programmes, entertainment is brought to people . The role of television and radio are noteworthy for promoting national unity, developing economy and refining socio-cultural life of people. Its great contribution to humanity is education through different programmes content. Constant relay of positive socio-cultural messages can influence the values and political behavioural pattern of citizens. The bro

Watergate Essays (917 words) - Watergate Scandal,

Watergate Watergate, designation of a major U.S. political scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic party's campaign headquarters, later engulfed President Richard M. Nixon and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts, and culminated in the first resignation of a U.S. president. The burglary was committed on June 17, 1972, by five men who were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C. Their arrest eventually uncovered a White House-sponsored plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity that led to many of the highest officials in the land, including former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, and President Nixon himself. On April 30, 1973, nearly a year after the burglary and arrest and following a grand jury investigation of the burglary, Nixon accepted the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman and announced the dismissal of Dean. U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as well. The new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, appointed a special prosecutor, Harvard Law School professor Archibald Cox, to conduct a full-scale investigation of the Watergate break-in. In May 1973 the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities opened hearings, with Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina as chairman. A series of startling revelations followed. Dean testified that Mitchell had ordered the break-in and that a major attempt was under way to hide White House involvement. He claimed that the president had authorized payments to the burglars to keep them quiet. The Nixon administration vehemently denied this assertion. The White House Tapes The testimony of White House aide Alexander Butterfield unlocked the entire investigation. On July 16, 1973, Butterfield told the committee, on nationwide television, that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations; what the president said and when he said it could be verified. Cox immediately subpoenaed eight relevant tapes to confirm Dean's testimony. Nixon refused to release the tapes, claiming they were vital to the national security. U.S. District Court Judge John Sirica ruled that Nixon must give the tapes to Cox, and an appeals court upheld the decision. Nixon held firm. He refused to turn over the tapes and, on Saturday, October 20, 1973, ordered Richardson to dismiss Cox. Richardson refused and resigned instead, as did Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Finally, the solicitor general discharged Cox. A storm of public protest resulted from this "Saturday night massacre." In response, Nixon appointed another special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, a Texas lawyer, and gave the tapes to Sirica. Some subpoenaed conversations were missing, and one tape had a mysterious gap of 181 minutes. Experts determined that the gap was the result of five separate erasures. In March 1974 a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and four other White House officials for their part in the Watergate cover-up and named Nixon as an "unindicted co-conspirator." The following month Jaworski requested and Nixon released written transcripts of 42 more tapes. The conversations revealed an overwhelming concern with punishing political opponents and thwarting the Watergate investigation. In May 1974 Jaworski requested 64 more tapes as evidence in the criminal cases against the indicted officials. Nixon refused; on July 24, the Supreme Court voted 8-0 that Nixon must turn over the tapes. On July 29-30, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment, charging Nixon with misusing his power in order to violate the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens, obstructing justice in the Watergate affair, and defying Judiciary Committee subpoenas. Further Revelations Soon after the Watergate scandal came to light, investigators uncovered a related group of illegal activities: Since 1971 a White House group called the "plumbers" had been doing whatever was necessary to stop leaks to the press. A grand jury indicted Ehrlichman, White House Special Counsel Charles Colson, and others for organizing a break-in and burglary in 1971 of a psychiatrist's office to obtain damaging material against Daniel Ellsberg, who had publicized classified documents called the Pentagon Papers. Investigators also discovered that the Nixon administration had solicited large sums of money in illegal campaign contributions?used to finance political espionage and to pay more than $500,000 to the Watergate burglars?and that certain administration officials had systematically lied about their involvement in the break-in and cover-up. In addition, White House aides testified that in 1972 they had falsified documents to make it appear that President John F. Kennedy had been involved in the 1963 assassination

Free Essays on Fish As A Hero In Cloudstreet

Cloudstreet- Fish as a hero â€Å"Hero- Man of superhuman strength, courage or ability, favoured by the gods; later regarded as intermediate between gods and men, and immortal.† (The New Oxford English Dictionary) By definition of hero in A Glossary of Literary Terms (pg139) a hero is â€Å"the chief character of work, of whom our interest centres† and this hero must have one of many factors including conflict concerning â€Å"the circumstances that stand between him and the goal he set himself.† A hero must also be fighting for a worthy cause. The two definitions demonstrate two sides of a true hero. The dictionary definition defines a character describing the characteristical attributes of a hero, where as the literary terms definition is defining a heroic character by his role in a text. Fish satisfies both definitions of a hero. Fish linked to God and his innocence; -Samson (Fish’s real name, and Sam Pickles real name), in bible Samson loses his (hair) to gain something much greater then was possible without this loss, he becomes a hero -Fish is related to the symbol of Jesus and Jesus being the fisher of man - Lamb is innocence and Jesus being a shepherd -Drowns and is ‘cleansed’ (baptismal imagery) - Retarded at the maturity of a child, therefor maintains innocence throughout the story -Talks in tongues (wedding and in sleep) understands the pigs language of tongues -Jesus is â€Å"the water man†(pg119); he gave Fish the opportunity to help his family -Fish discuss’ his omniscience (pg424) -Medically fish is not retarded (pg67) -In his omniscience reveals he has a purpose to help his family â€Å"Lester, Rose, Red- I cant stop it for you† -He has a take and must fulfil this before he ‘returns’ to the water; Fish urges for the water and responds not yet (pg120), (pg146) still yearns for water Fish’s task to unite the family; -Fish was the cause for the move to Subiaco and for ... Free Essays on Fish As A Hero In Cloudstreet Free Essays on Fish As A Hero In Cloudstreet Cloudstreet- Fish as a hero â€Å"Hero- Man of superhuman strength, courage or ability, favoured by the gods; later regarded as intermediate between gods and men, and immortal.† (The New Oxford English Dictionary) By definition of hero in A Glossary of Literary Terms (pg139) a hero is â€Å"the chief character of work, of whom our interest centres† and this hero must have one of many factors including conflict concerning â€Å"the circumstances that stand between him and the goal he set himself.† A hero must also be fighting for a worthy cause. The two definitions demonstrate two sides of a true hero. The dictionary definition defines a character describing the characteristical attributes of a hero, where as the literary terms definition is defining a heroic character by his role in a text. Fish satisfies both definitions of a hero. Fish linked to God and his innocence; -Samson (Fish’s real name, and Sam Pickles real name), in bible Samson loses his (hair) to gain something much greater then was possible without this loss, he becomes a hero -Fish is related to the symbol of Jesus and Jesus being the fisher of man - Lamb is innocence and Jesus being a shepherd -Drowns and is ‘cleansed’ (baptismal imagery) - Retarded at the maturity of a child, therefor maintains innocence throughout the story -Talks in tongues (wedding and in sleep) understands the pigs language of tongues -Jesus is â€Å"the water man†(pg119); he gave Fish the opportunity to help his family -Fish discuss’ his omniscience (pg424) -Medically fish is not retarded (pg67) -In his omniscience reveals he has a purpose to help his family â€Å"Lester, Rose, Red- I cant stop it for you† -He has a take and must fulfil this before he ‘returns’ to the water; Fish urges for the water and responds not yet (pg120), (pg146) still yearns for water Fish’s task to unite the family; -Fish was the cause for the move to Subiaco and for ...

Everything You Need to Know About Writing Awesome Email Subject Lines

Everything You Need to Know About Writing Awesome Email Subject Lines First impressions matter. This is certainly true for email subject lines. Theyre the first thing recipients see in their inbox.  When written well, they inspire readers to open your email  newsletters and click through to read more. If theyre off target, however, they  let your reader know your email is a waste of time and space. No pressure, though. To make matters worse, we all get too many emails. Whether theyre from a store you dont remember visiting,  or your parents are wondering why you dont write more often (you should really drop them a line), the pursuit of inbox zero is a fabled achievement for knowledge workers (including marketers). So, how do you write subject lines that make your emails stand out? Thats exactly what well cover in this post. Youll learn: The emotional elements of subject lines that drive clicks. Best practices on how to write subject lines. The best way to run A/B tests so you can gather your own data about what works best for you. Make yourself comfortable.  Were going to  write sharp subject lines that demand the attention your email deserves. This Is How To Write Better Email Subject Lines To Get More OpensSnag Your Email Subject Line Template + Resource Bundle This post is packed full of advice. To make it easier to implement while youre on the job, weve rounded up these free templates: Email Subject Lines Template: 43 fill-in-the-blank templates to practice sharpening your subject line writing skills. 500+ Power Words Cheat Sheet: We made this with headlines in mind, but the same words work to infuse emotion into subject lines, too. Power + Emotion Words Cheat Sheet: Another reference sheet loaded with emotional words to drive more engagement. Email Subject Line A/B Test Spreadsheet: A simple Excel file for storing the outcomes of your email subject line A/B tests. ... And Try Our New Email Subject Line Tester You get one chance to write the perfect subject line for your email. Of course, there's no way to be sure how it'll perform until you hit "send." But, wouldn't be great if you could tilt the odds in your favor? That's where our Email Subject Line Tester comes in. Like our popular Headline Analyzer, it's a free and simple tool for testing email subject lines. Enter your subject line: And get your score: Plus, you'll get a detailed breakdown on how to improve your results: Give it a spin now and start optimizing every subject line you write (before sending it to your list). Why Are Subject Lines Important? Like we stated previously, your subject line is the first thing recipients see. In that crucial make-or-break moment when users find your email in their inbox, it's what determines whether they'll click through, or simply ignore your message. Worse, they might even put your newsletter in the trash without even opening it up. Let's start by asking exactly why paying attention to subject lines is important.  Here are some interesting  stats: Source: convinceandconvert.com/convince-convert/15-email-statistics-that-are-shaping-the-future/ When it comes to subject lines, these numbers tell us a few things: Subject lines shouldn't sound overly sales-driven. No one wants to start their day with a blunt sales pitch. Stay out of SPAM folders by sounding natural. Avoid spammy-sounding subject lines. People will learn to avoid your emails, even if you make it into their inbox. Subject lines have a considerable influence on click-through rates. Sure, 35% isn't an astronomical number. However, it's high enough to show subject lines carry weight. Ignore them at your own peril. Writing #email #subject #lines? Commit these three stats to memory.Can You Show Me Some Examples of Great Email Subject Lines? Now, you're probably wondering what good email subject lines look and sound like. There are a ton of great examples and resources out there, and we've rounded up some of the best below: 101 Best Email Subject Lines of 2017 (Digital Marketer) 164 Best Email Subject Lines to Boost Your Email Open Rates (OptinMonster) 13 Insanely Clickable Email Subject Line Examples (Sumo) 40 Great Email Subject Lines (ThriveHive) That should be plenty to point you in the right direction. Three Mechanics of Strong Subject Lines So, you've seen some examples of good subject lines. But, what actually makes them, well, good? Let's break down some mechanics. Write Short Subject Lines For Mobile Devices According to MailChimp, there is little correlation between subject line length and clicks. However, keeping them short may help their appearance on mobile devices. Communicate a Clear Benefit No one will open your marketing email if there is no benefit to the reader. So, make it clear that your recipient will gain something from opening it. In most cases, the benefit of your email will be clear.   Here are some examples: Move snow faster with this plow (benefit: clearing your driveway quicker). Cut grass like a champ (benefit: make lawn mowing easier). Improve your living room for 40% less (benefit: upgrade your furniture, saving money). These are basic examples, but they give you the picture. Use Words That Positively Impact Open Rates The best subject lines use terms shown to drive action. Here's a quick look at 100+ words you should consider: How Do Emotional Appeals Impact Email Open Rates? Subject lines are a lot like headlines. The more emotional, the better. People want to know how their life will be better, easier, or more enjoyable because they read your email. Those kinds of benefits aren't necessarily easy to convey. However, they're essential for optimal open rates. So, how can you pull those emotional levers to get more opens? Start by understanding which emotions you want to invoke, and learn the language necessary to drive that action. Recommended Reading: How to Write Emotional Headlines That Get More Shares Which Emotions Can Email Marketers Tap Into? So, we've established the need to give your emails some feeling. But, which emotions or sensations should marketers focus on eliciting? Let's focus on the following four: Urgency. Why should I act fast (and what will happen if I don't)? Curiosity. How can you  include enough detail to get readers interested, but leave enough mystery that they have to click through? Excitement. Can your subject line hype up your email content (and can your newsletter can back it up)? Joy. What can your subject line do to promote a positive emotional result for your reader? How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Urgency Let's take a look at some easy subject line formulas and templates you can use to get readers moving. Give Your Reader a Deadline to Act Deadlines and "limited time" messaging can inspire immediate action. Example: Successful marketers will open this ... before time runs out. Tap into FOMO (The Fear of Missing Out) The "fear of missing out" is real, and no one wants to miss out on something good. Example: Limited spots available! Claim yours now. Imply Negative Outcomes Due to Lack of Action What happens if the recipient doesn't take advantage of what's in your email? Example: Don't let your lawn suffer under the summer sun. How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Curiosity Everyone enjoys a little bit of mystery from time to time, right? Here's how to infuse some suspense into your emails to get more opens. Try the Cliffhanger Approach Leave out enough detail to stoke interest without telling the whole story. Example: Bob's  lawn got greener than ever using ... Start With the End Offer readers a conclusion that leaves them wondering how the story starts. Example: How did Bob's lawn get so green? Use an Open-Ended Question One that can only be answered by opening your email. Example:  What's new at Bob's Lawn Care Emporium? How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Excitement Get readers excited to open their email (or, well, as excited as you can get while reading email). Here's how to infuse some hype into your subject lines. Incorporate Strong Action Verbs Use language that encourages people to get up and do something. Example: Blast your abs for less at Dave's Gym Give Your Reader a Sense of Exclusivity Email subscribers love feeling like they have the inside track on exclusive deals and information. Example:  Can you keep a secret? Here's some cool news coming soon ... Make an Offer People Can't Refuse Use an accurate but hard-to-believe statistic or incredible offer to generate excitement. Example: Did you know 73% of clients see improvement using this tactic?   How to Write Subject Lines That Inspire Joy You know the saying, "People won't remember what you say, but they'll remember how you made them feel?" That absolutely applies to marketing, your brand, and your email subject lines. Make people feel good and reap the rewards. Use Emojis Intelligently A well-placed emoji can be great for getting a chuckle. Example: Look your best and feel your best :) (this isn't the best example, but pretend that smiley face is a much cooler-looking emoji) Work In Humor (Carefully) Laughter is good for your health. Put people in a good mood, and they'll react more positively to your content. Example: So three marketers walk into a bar ... Give People an Opportunity to Do Good Because it feels good to do good. Example: Make a difference with us for our local animal shelter Apply Your Knowledge: Write Better Subject Lines in Six Steps It's time to take what you've learned  and put it into action. Follow these steps to start writing. Identify the Topic and Purpose of Your Email What is your email newsletter about? Here are some common possibilities: Promoting a sale. Sharing your most recent content. Announcing a new product launch. Offering helpful how-to tips. Getting event registrants. If your email is part of a broader campaign, make sure your messaging is consistent, too. Know Your Audience If you're doing marketing correctly, you should know who your audience is. But, your audience may be comprised of several different market segments. So, make sure you know exactly who you're targeting. Then, craft messaging that will appeal to them. Identify Your Benefit or Value Proposition Why would someone open this email? Think about what's in it for your reader, as much as what's in it for your brand. Some examples could include: Saving money. Completing a task more easily. Doing something charitable. Narrow it down to one core benefit. Pick Your Emotional Appeal Remember Urgency, Curiosity, Excitement, and Joy? Choose one to focus on. Or, consider writing several options targeting different emotional appeals. Whichever you choose, have clear intent behind your words. Match the Message in Your Email Copy Message-match means making sure your subject line aligns with your email's content. Typically, it's a term reserved for digital advertising, ensuring ad copy aligns with a landing page. But, we can apply the same principle here. For example, if you're promoting a sale, make sure your subject line and body copy are consistent with one another. If you're promoting a piece of content, make sure your subject line's message matches what they'll find on the destination page. Write Several Options With the Email Subject Line Tester It's a good idea to try tons of different options before settling on one subject line. If you're writing for a client, you might even give them five or six to choose from. As you write different options, the tester will keep track of your scores: Plus, the tool will help you learn what works (and what doesn't). It's an easy way to Ten Templates to Write Your Own Email Subject Lines As an exercise, try filling in these templates. Then, use the Email Subject Line Tester to see how your efforts perform. The best [AUDIENCE] are using this [TACTIC] to [BENEFIT] Do [ACTION] [PERCENT] better Save [PERCENT] on [PRODUCT] before [NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCE] [NUMBER] Ways to [BENEFIT] Using [PRODUCT] Achieve [GOAL] [PERCENT] Faster With [PRODUCT] Help [ORGANIZATION] do [BENEFIT] before [DEADLINE] The smartest [AUDIENCE] will be at [EVENT] ... Register for [EVENT] by [DEADLINE] and save [PERCENT] Here's how [INFLUENCER] does [ACTION] with [PRODUCT] [NUMBER] secrets the best [AUDIENCE] use to [BENEFIT] These writing prompts are simple, but should help get your creative gears turning. Get More Opens By A/B Testing Email Subject Lines Nearly every email service provider lets you send A/B tests for your email subject lines. Whether you use MailChimp,  Campaign Monitor, or something similar, most provide A/B testing options when building email newsletters. This video is specific to MailChimp, but it covers a lot  of A/B testing basics that should apply to most platforms: However, what  makes a good A/B test? Let's dig into some tips. 5 Effective Tactics for Email  A/B Testing The key to a good A/B test is to choose variables that really are different from one another.  If you test two subject lines that sound too similar, you won't learn much. There needs to be a substantial difference between your two options. Consider these five different approaches when you run your next A/B test: 1. Test Two Different Value Propositions Let's say your email content is promoting a post that both: Shows readers how to save time. Shows them how to save money. These are two different value propositions. So, write two options, one focusing on each benefit. Then, see which performs best. The data will tell you which benefit your audience cares about most. That'll help you continue to write more effective subject lines in the future. The key to a good A/B test is to have options that are different from one another.2. Target  Two Different Emotions Your audience might respond better to curiosity than urgency. Or, maybe they're looking for something that will brighten their day. So, find out. Try  targeting different emotions and see what drives a better response. 3. Test Subject Line Length You might find different subject line lengths work best for you. Or, different lengths may work better for different types of messages. Consider experimenting with short  (one or two words)  versus long (seven or eight words). 4. Test Questions Versus Definitive Statements Questions can help get readers curious. However, definitive statements can express authority. Try both and see what happens. 5. Test Using Stats Statistics can drive email opens, especially when they're difficult to believe. If your email content includes an interesting stat, try incorporating one into subject line A. Then, write subject line B without a stat. Recommended Reading: What 10 Studies Say About the Best Time to Send Email Now, An Exercise In A/B Testing Now, let's try applying what you've learned to an actual A/B test. Write Your Email Content Start by writing your email copy. This will make it easier to write your subject lines. Identify Which Two Variables You'll Test Write two different subject line options. Try to emphasize something different in each one. For example, you could target two different emotions, in order to sell people on reading the same newsletter. Or, you could include an emoji or statistic in one, but not the other. Whichever you choose, the point is to know exactly what you're testing. See Which Does Best Once your email has sent, you'll see relatively quickly which outperformed the other. Use the Email A/B Subject Line Testing template we included in this post to track performance over time: Here are some specific things to monitor: Winning and Losing Subject Lines: Which options perform best? Do certain types appear to fail more frequently than others? Open Rates: How many people opened each email? CTR (Click-Through Rate): How many people click through on each subject line? You'll need to set up and measure A/B tests in your email marketing platform provider. Here's how, using several popular email marketing tools: MailChimp Campaign Monitor HubSpot Pardot Constant Contact Emma Measure Your Results Use the analytics tools built into your email platform to monitor open rates. Use the template included in this post, or create your own following the graphic below. Use it to  track your winner and loser from the test, the difference in the results, and scrutinize the reason why your winner performed the best. This may require some subjective judgment. When  assessing the reason one subject line outperformed the other, keep the following in mind: If you set up clear variables in your A/B test, the reason subject lines succeed or fail should be obvious. For example, if one option includes a statistic, while the other does not, then that's a good indicator that stats resonate with your audience. Look for  patterns. The more you test, the more consistent patterns should  emerge. The days and times you send email can impact results as well. Remember that the actual content of your email may influence open rates (and in turn, your email conversion rates, too. If people aren't interested in the topic of your email, then simply following best practices might not be enough to drive opens and clicks. Great content will get attention. Following proper mechanics and technique merely maximizes great content's ability to make an impact. When it comes to email marketing, your own data beats best practices. The recipients on your email list are  different from anyone else's. What works for another business, might not work for yours. This is why it's better to know how to gather your own data than to simply follow someone else's. Don't use other's data as your guide. Use it to inspire you to get your own data.Now, Go Write Better Subject Lines! It's easy to overlook subject lines when we're writing marketing emails. They're short, so they should be easy, right? Not exactly. It's often tougher to write short, punchy messages than long, rambling pieces. When you only have about 50 characters to work with, every word counts. We can't tell you exactly what messaging will work best in your email.  However, you're now equipped with the knowledge you need to start experimenting with your own subject lines. By following the tips and best practices in this post, you'll be able to dramatically increase your odds of success. Try different things. See what works. Ditch what doesn't. Repeat for success.

Critically analyse the approach to Knowledge Management at Tata Steel Essay

Critically analyse the approach to Knowledge Management at Tata Steel - Essay Example Knowledge management was defined by Davenport (1994) as a process of procuring, sharing and using the knowledge in an effective manner. King (2009) on the other hand made his approach in an organizational perspective. He defined knowledge management as planning, organizing and motivating the human resources in order to control the systems and processes in an organization to make sure that all its knowledge associated assets are efficiently employed to achieve organizational goals. Davenport (2005) explained that knowledge management has become very crucial for an organization to gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Knowledge is being considered as a commodity which is used by a firm in order to improve its product, services and operations process. Thus knowledge being an intellectual asset is increasingly appreciated by the organizations in order to ensure future growth and sustainability. Tata Steel first initiated the Knowledge Management process in the year 1999, with an aim to exploit the unused knowledge base in the organization. The company realized that the implementation of the knowledge management will bring about a holistic change in the entire organizational culture. The company established an archive, where all the employees shared their experiences, knowledge and individual process via the intranet. As a result it created a knowledge repository which allowed all the employees to have access to each other’s knowledge and experience. The repositories of individual department were connected to the parent archive, so that any employee irrespective of his department could have access to the huge database of organizational data. After a year of establishing the knowledge repository, the company decided to introduce knowledge communities. It acted as a public forum for likeminded employees where they could share individual experiences and participate in b rain

Updates and Revisions to previous project on Multigenerational Assignment - 1

Updates and Revisions to previous project on Multigenerational Leadership - Assignment Example Effective multi-generational team leadership is required across the spectrum of industries. This paper analyzes several characteristics of effective multi-generational team leadership and offers recommendations for management. Emphasis is on how effectively managing multi-generational work teams can lead to increased organizational success. While organizational success is the common goal of business leaders, many businesses have failed to achieve the expected level of success due to ineffective leadership. Leadership styles and methods vary, but many common practices exist. In the 21st century workplace, several generations of employees work together. Their varying beliefs and values add a uniquely important expectation of management. According to Martin and Tulgan (2003), multi-generational teams find it hard to embrace innovation, productivity, collective learning, and responsibilities. This challenges a leader’s leadership strategy. This paper considers this leadership challenge, and seeks to deepen understanding of the complexities of multi-generational work teams. The paper also seek to answer the question: What are best practices to effectively lead multi-generational work teams? The outcome of the study will be to advise business management on how effectively they can lead and inspire multi-generational work teams to create a business advantage. Leading multi-generational work teams presents unique challenges for management, because different generations of employees possess widely varying beliefs, values, and expectations. Fully understanding the unique characteristics of multi-generational work teams, and employing strategies for managing them, is a challenge for business leaders that must be met. Additionally, the leadership team itself is now comprised of individuals from multiple generations, adding even more complexity to this critical

Network Diagram Essay Example for Free

Network Diagram Essay 2. A medium-sized engineering firm has three separate engineering offices. In each office, a local LAN supports all the engineers in that office. Due to the requirement for collaboration among the offices, all the computers should be able to view and update the data from any of the three offices. In other words, the data storage server within each LAN should be accessible to all computers, no matter where they are located. Draw a network diagram that will support this configuration. 3. A small start-up company has a Web-based customer sales system that is written by using PHP and JavaScript. The company is deciding whether to host the system on its own servers, contract with a hosting company for a virtual server, or go to amazon’s cloud. Volumes are expected to be low at the beginning, and it is hard to predict the growth patterns, although there is a potential for rapid growth. Decide which alternative the company should choose. Defend your decision by giving advantages and disadvantages of each solution based on the characteristics of the start-up company. I would recommend them to get a contract from a hosting company that can suffice all their needs. There are lots of web hosts that support companies for sales system; they even give additional functionalities for a reasonable price. Online threats are emerging nowadays, it is not safe to host a system yourself especially if you’re company is still new and needs more experience. Most hosting companies are almost invulnerable to threats and that should be your priority for your company. 4. Find four separate hosting providers and compare their offerings, including prices. Put your answer in a table showing the results of your research. Add additional row for the sources/references. HostPapa http://www.hostpapa.com/ Price Value At HostPapa, you truly feel like youre getting the family discount, what with so much being offered for less than $4 a month. Enjoy unlimited storage and bandwidth for unlimited sites, all Softaculous-enabled and equipped with HostPapa Website Builder. Beyond that, youll also receive online stats and  reporting tools, full email versatility, developers tools and extensive third party web design and multimedia software support. Dont forget, HostPapa web hosting gives you free domain registration for the first year, and free setup. Reliability HostPapa web hosting guarantees youll get maximum uptime (99.9% uptime guarantee and 99.9% network uptime guarantee) and promises to provide around the clock/around the calendar server monitoring. They regularly perform secure and reliable backups of all your data to protect against unforeseen emergencies. Control Panel Joy of joys, all HostPapa customers get the full benefits of the industrys most popular and user-acclaimed control panel: cPanel. Large, intuitively organized icon-based buttons empower you to perform any number of administrative tasks. The main menu includes a real-time display of every stat and figure relevant to your web hosting account and your websites activity and performance. Customer Support At HostPapa, youll get all the one-on-one help setting up and getting started that you need as well as dedicated customer service any time you need it. Choose from phone, live chat, and email support, or do-it-yourself with the HostPapa library of helpful and easy to follow video tutorials and online help docs. iPage http://www.ipage.com/ Price Value The web experts at iPage.com have managed to compile an eye-popping list of services and value-added extras and package them neatly into a all-encompassing web hosting package. Currently on promotion for just $1.99 a month, iPage.com is proving that sometimes you actually get more than you pay for. Reliability iPage.com uses a system of pooled servers so there is always server space available to you. The first and fastest machine available will serve your website. 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With load balancing, your site is available from multiple servers, so if one server becomes unavailable, your site will still be live on the other server, virtually eliminating site downtime. Control Panel If we had to pick just one web hosting control panel to use and forgo all  others, it would be the very same control panel that just so happens to come with Just Host web hosting plan. Its cPanel, of course, the industry leader for mastering user-friendliness and ease-of use. All the resources, tools, and even web statistics are right there in one place, at your disposal. Plus you can personalize and customize your cPanel for an even easier webmastering experience. Customer Support The JustHost support center offers a full range of help features, from assisted support 24/7 via live web chat, 1-888 toll-free telephone, and email support ticket system to self-guided help via searchable and categorized online FAQ and articles, web tutorials, and an active user community. 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TRANSITIONS: FROM EUPHORIA TO REALITY :: Essays Papers

TRANSITIONS: FROM EUPHORIA TO REALITY The Second Industrial Revolution had many facets which keyed a major transition from the old way of life based on nature and reason to a new way reliant upon new products and inventions. The Revolution changed people's beliefs. Previously, they had a great propensity to believe in reason to solve their problems whereas now machines and inventions were changing their daily lives. In the First Industrial Revolution emphasis was placed on research and development while in this time frame new items like electricity and steel were the norm. In this report, I'll write about three segments of the Second Industrial Revolution including technological advances, economic struggles and social classes. Henry Bessemer was a key player during this epoch with his process (pictured above) for manufacturing steel in a efficient and economic manner. The Englishman was so successful that steel production rose from thousands of tons to millions of tons over a fifty year period ranging from the mid 1800's to the early 1900's. Bessemer was used by Napoleon III to build a stronger and better cannon for the French army. (Life, p62) A major transformation took place with the invention of electricity. Electricity became the main source of power. People became dependent on it in almost all aspects of their daily lives. Electricity enabled factories and other buildings to be erected therefore creating more jobs and better standard of living. The chemical industry played a role in the Second Industrial Revolution. Germany was the leader in scientific research in this area. Among the chemical inventions were novocain, (we all know what that is ) blacktop surface and many new plastics. Laundry soap would also contribute to modernizing living. The internal combustion engine was invented in 1886. This led to the development of the automobile by German Gottlieb Daimler. In the early years of the auto, the referred car was the Benz (forerunner of today Mercedes–Benz) but only the elite could afford it. auto production boomed in Britain, Germany and France until Henry Ford came up with the affordable Model–T which tripled the production and sales of its European counterpart. The automobile lessened man's reliance on nature by providing an alternative mode of transportation. The latter part of the 19th century showed a decline in economic prosperity. Less industrialized countries were losing people due to agricultur e problems resulting from bad weather. Migrations to countries such as the United States and Canada numbered over 50 million people over 75 year span.

Cellular Manufacturing System

What is Lean? Running an operation lean means: Removal of waste of all kinds (e. g. time, motion, inventory, poor cost of quality, etc. ) An organization that stimulates productivity and quality An organization using value-added processes Low Quality = High Waste High Quality = Low Waste and Higher Value There are several ways to be Lean— TQM Six Sigma SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die) PM/TPM (Preventive Maintenance/Total Preventive Maintenance) JIT (Just In Time) Continuous Improvement/Kaizen And Many More†¦CELLULAR MANUFACTURING: MANUFACTURING A Lean Manufacturing Concept Cellular Manufacturing One of these lean practices, cellular manufacturing, is based on a group of different processes located in close proximity to manufacture a group of similar products. The primary purpose of cellular manufacturing is to reduce cycle time and inventories to meet market response times. Some of the other benefits include: Space Reduction Quality Improvement Labor Cost Reduction Im proved Machine Utilization Where would you begin? First, you would define the cell you plan to create.Criteria required for defining the cell would be based on: Processes Required Part Numbers & Attributes (size, shape, raw materials required) Market segments/customers Degree of Automation By Jay P. Patel, Principle Consultant, Quality & Productivity Solutions, Inc. Copyright ©2000 by Jay Patel Cellular manufacturing is an application of the group technology concepts for factory reconfiguration and shop floor layout design. A part family can be parts similar in size or parts created using similar manufacturing steps.Typically, a cell is dedicated to a single part family. Cellular manufacturing does have some important human resource issues to consider: Operators must be trained properly to perform tasks including inspection and simple maintenance Cross functional training is critical since operators perform a variety of tasks and move between workstations and cells as the need ari ses Operators should be trained on Team Building Supervisors become Coaches. Cell teams require only guidance. Supervisors facilitate, assist nd guide the overall effort. Compensation issues: Cell employees usually receive the higher pay because they are better qualified to do multiple tasks. We recommend implementation of an incentive program that provides incentives on the basis of results and incremental improvements. Management may be concerned that there will be resistance from employees when the result is actually opposite. Typically, any initial resistance disappears once employees understand the win-win situation at hand.Cells need support from several functions including product engineering, material management, manufacturing engineering, QC/QA, maintenance and management. It is vital to implementation success that this support is committed, visible and consistent. Team Selection Most crucial to the implementation of cellular manufacturing is team selection. To help determi ne who is best to include in your team, identify the skills required for each step by creating a Process Map. Clarify the roles and responsibilities of the roles you need filled.Once the skills are identified, determine the potential team members. Explain to potential members what the nature of the task is and get a feel for their interest. What will you look for in your team members? Understanding the importance of selecting the right team cannot be overemphasized. Both objective and technical criteria should be established, including skills in: teamwork interpersonal skills leadership skills change adaptation positive thinking Develop a checklist for selecting these members based on the needs of the cell.This can also be used in setting goals for those who wish to grow in their own skill sets. 2 From here you will need to do some negotiating. You will need to meet with affected Supervisors to discuss: Overall priority Current structure and plans Current authorities and relative po wer of team leaders Potential team members and the support they will need Negotiate to acquire members best suited for the team. Renegotiate as necessary with the help of management and a detailed implementation plan. Skill Matrices Match skills to tasks.Create a matrix to define who is best qualified to perform specific tasks. This will be the document used for contracting your team to the project: aiding in obtaining commitment as well as communicating responsibilities and expectations. Determine what training is needed and implement a training plan. Make sure communication lines are established, open and well used. The success of the program is contingent on the team dynamic and the goals set. Communication is key—learn to listen and help others to do the same. What are the communication channels and links? Who provides and who expects what?Can the team members accomplish the tasks assigned? Team Management Develop trust and provide the team a reason to be motivated. Learn to manage team morale and create a system to encourage teamwork. Make your team an example of how successful teams cause great things to happen. Start with a pilot cell—be sure the product family chosen has the most potential for success. Stockpile if possible to provide an alternate source during implementation. When changes are necessary, communicate the reason for these changes in order to gain acceptance and understanding from your team.Be confident in implementation. Designing the Cell Cell design should be based on your project needs. Keep in mind the following when designing the cell: product life cycle continuous, flowing work through the cell proper allocation of resources for gauging and tooling aggressive update of equipment and processes cell development is evolutionary and always in a state of flux challenges in facility changes due to structure and age Involve your team and their knowledge in the construction of the cell.Understanding throughput is essential to cell development—do not underestimate the contribution and acceptance of the team once the concept is understood. Ultimately, the logistics and cell construction is only a small part of the battle. Creating a culture where a team can flourish is the hard part. This task requires a true leader. Can you meet the challenge? -JPP 3

1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization.

PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No: 12 PED 1113 1. | Name of Subject | PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS| 2. | Code of Subject| PED1113| 3. | Synopsis| This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. | 4. | Name of Teaching Staff | Rezal [email  protected] com| 5. | Semester and Year Offered| Year 1, Sem 1 | 6. | Credit Value | 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) | 7. | Prerequisite (if any) | Nil| 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program | The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. | 9. | Mode of Delivery| Lecture and Tutorial| 10. | Subject Objectives| To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. | 11. | Learning Outcomes| Upon completing this course, students will be able to: 1. Un derstand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equilibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. | 12. | Transferable Skills| From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely: * Analytical Skill – students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills – Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills – Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills– Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsi bilities. * Critical thinking skills– Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. | 13. | Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy | | Teaching & Learning Methods| Assessment Strategy | | Discussion| /| 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback| | Problem solving| | 3. | | Case study | /| | | Project | /| | | Lecture| /| | | Tutorial | | | 14. | Assessment Method and Types | Final Examination : 40%Course Work : 60%Course work comprises of the following items : – 2 Test : 30% – 4 Quizzes : 20% – Group Assignment : 10%| Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic| | TOPIC (S)| Lecture| Tutorial| Lab/ Practical| Independent Study| Student Learning Time (SLT)| | 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts: scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy an d Mixed economy. | 2| 1. 5| | 5| 18| | 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply| 8| 6| | 20| 28| | 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach| 6| 4. 5| | 16| 26| | 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period| 6| 4. 5| | 14| 24| | 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run| 6| 4. | | 16| 24| | Total of Student Learning Time (SLT)| 28| 21| | 71| 120| | Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. | 20. | Additional References: 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcour t. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore: Oxford University Press. | Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment; first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Government’s roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means â€Å"one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of society’s resources is important becaus e resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -mar ginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a sit uation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are; increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises: 1. Free market economy: allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages; quick respond to the people’s wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages; unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics; one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand: a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore , any government intervention in the economy isn’t needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy: market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages; the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages; can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy: includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages; benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages; lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Hou seholds sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier: shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy ’s resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market: a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive: must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly: only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand: goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded: the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve: The relationship between pric e and quantity demanded Law of demand: the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule: a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand: the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand: the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream demanded| | Nick| Mary| Market| $0. 00| 7| 5| 12| $0. 50| 6| 4| 10| $1. 00| 5| 3| 8| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 3| 1| 4| $2. 50| 1| 1| 2| $3. 00| 0| 0| 0| Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods: non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods: goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods: people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods: have rivalry and excludability a. D emerit goods: underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods: always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods: lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods: have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods: needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods: very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply: goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied: the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply: the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a grap h of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply: the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream supplied| | Mike| John| Market| $0. 00| 0| 0| 0| $0. 50| 1| 1| 2| $1. 00| 3| 1| 4| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 5| 3| 8| $2. 50| 6| 4| 10| $3. 00| 7| 5| 12| Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the cl aim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream 1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization. PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No: 12 PED 1113 1. | Name of Subject | PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS| 2. | Code of Subject| PED1113| 3. | Synopsis| This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. | 4. | Name of Teaching Staff | Rezal [email  protected] com| 5. | Semester and Year Offered| Year 1, Sem 1 | 6. | Credit Value | 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) | 7. | Prerequisite (if any) | Nil| 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program | The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. | 9. | Mode of Delivery| Lecture and Tutorial| 10. | Subject Objectives| To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. | 11. | Learning Outcomes| Upon completing this course, students will be able to: 1. Un derstand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equilibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. | 12. | Transferable Skills| From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely: * Analytical Skill – students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills – Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills – Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills– Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsi bilities. * Critical thinking skills– Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. | 13. | Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy | | Teaching & Learning Methods| Assessment Strategy | | Discussion| /| 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback| | Problem solving| | 3. | | Case study | /| | | Project | /| | | Lecture| /| | | Tutorial | | | 14. | Assessment Method and Types | Final Examination : 40%Course Work : 60%Course work comprises of the following items : – 2 Test : 30% – 4 Quizzes : 20% – Group Assignment : 10%| Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic| | TOPIC (S)| Lecture| Tutorial| Lab/ Practical| Independent Study| Student Learning Time (SLT)| | 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts: scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy an d Mixed economy. | 2| 1. 5| | 5| 18| | 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply| 8| 6| | 20| 28| | 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach| 6| 4. 5| | 16| 26| | 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period| 6| 4. 5| | 14| 24| | 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run| 6| 4. | | 16| 24| | Total of Student Learning Time (SLT)| 28| 21| | 71| 120| | Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. | 20. | Additional References: 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcour t. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore: Oxford University Press. | Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment; first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Government’s roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means â€Å"one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of society’s resources is important becaus e resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -mar ginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a sit uation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are; increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises: 1. Free market economy: allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages; quick respond to the people’s wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages; unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics; one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand: a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore , any government intervention in the economy isn’t needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy: market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages; the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages; can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy: includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages; benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages; lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Hou seholds sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier: shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy ’s resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market: a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive: must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly: only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand: goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded: the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve: The relationship between pric e and quantity demanded Law of demand: the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule: a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand: the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand: the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream demanded| | Nick| Mary| Market| $0. 00| 7| 5| 12| $0. 50| 6| 4| 10| $1. 00| 5| 3| 8| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 3| 1| 4| $2. 50| 1| 1| 2| $3. 00| 0| 0| 0| Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods: non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods: goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods: people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods: have rivalry and excludability a. D emerit goods: underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods: always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods: lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods: have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods: needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods: very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply: goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied: the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply: the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a grap h of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply: the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream supplied| | Mike| John| Market| $0. 00| 0| 0| 0| $0. 50| 1| 1| 2| $1. 00| 3| 1| 4| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 5| 3| 8| $2. 50| 6| 4| 10| $3. 00| 7| 5| 12| Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the cl aim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream