Feminist Vs. Postmodern Therapies - 928 Words

The last two approaches we have covered in class offer some distinct views compared to the other conventional methods we have covered. The approaches that will be discussed in this paper include feminist and postmodern therapies. These two approaches give us insight on a feminist perspective and their struggle for equality, while the other focuses on client exceptions and not dwelling on the past. I felt that postmodern therapies are a real way to give the client not only hope but confidence, by allowing them to see how â€Å" instances of success† or â€Å"exceptions† allow them to overcome problems they are having. Applications Being that I want to work with Veterans in the future, the approached that seemed to have a more significant over the others in this field, would be narrative therapy. Narrative therapy is a strength-based social constructive model that stresses empowerment and the inter subjectivity of the client(Day, 2009, pg. 86). This would be a great approach to use on veterans suffering from this disorder but it also depends on the gravity of their disorder. If a veteran is having severe issues, a more conventional approach might be taken like, cognitive-behavioral therapy or a collaboration of two. In narrative therapy we look for unique outcomes in people life s that tell us about, life events and narratives that are not consistent with the person s life story tend to be abandoned(Palgi Ben-zra, 2010, pg. 8). These events are then used to form a new narrativeShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Counseling And Therapy Theories6153 Words   |  25 Pagescounseling theories influence your understand ing of how to work with consumers with disabilities. The theories we learned provided a broad-based understanding of numerous factors related to the evolution of counseling and therapy theories and practices, along with new counseling and therapy skills. The important premise that underscores one of the central challenges of counseling and psychotherapy is that we are all in the same world, but each of us makes different sense of what we see and experience. ThatRead MoreEssay Juvenile Delinquency5272 Words   |  22 Pageschemical makeup, the potential for crime would be greatly reduced. However, psychological theories suggest that criminal behavior is a result of a person’s dysfunctional character. It is believed the required treatment in this case would be extreme therapy. Sociological theories focus on the structure of society as a contributing factor of criminal behavior. It is thought that by making changes in socialization, there is potential for achievement (Schmalleger, 2009). â€Å"Social process approaches

Research Paper Bullying - 1634 Words

Strategies to Prevent Bullying One in five children between the ages of ten and eighteen, have been bullied both inside and outside of school. Government officials, and school administrators, are taking strides to prevent the act of bullying. Laws and anti-bully programs are being passed all over the United States to stop the bullying epidemic. There are bullies all over, torturing children for things such as appearance, sexual orientation, race, personality and much more. Due to these bullies, children and young adults chose to take their lives to end the pain they are receiving from others hurtful words and actions. The government and schools are attempting to do whatever they can to prevent bullying from getting worse. The government†¦show more content†¦School administrators have put in tons of effort into making school assemblies and programs to raise awareness for bullying and to take care of the whole student body in their schools. A middle school in Hillsborough, Flo rida, experienced many situations with bullying. Most of which that were severe and harmful to the victim. Several boys were caught physically and verbally attacking a much younger student. In this middle school, the â€Å"Bully Busters† program was started to raise awareness of the severe case of bullying. The program launched a website to help both students and adults fully understand what bullying is. The â€Å"Bully Busters† made and distributed 5,000 posters, 10,000 bookmarks, and covered 50 benches in the area with information about their program (Brock). Staff in schools agree that children need to follow through with acts of kindness and show that they are well raised. Disciplinary actions are taken in schools when children behave in a way that might be harmful to other children in the classrooms. â€Å"Developed at the Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC) in Eugene, LIFT [Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers] teaches the children the social skills n ecessary for nonaggressive interaction. It targets all children not just those who are aggressive, and is unique in that it also involves both parents and teachers† (McCarthy). SomeShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper-Bullying1614 Words   |  7 PagesBullying â€Å"Words will never hurt me† used to be just an expression, but now bullying has gotten so bad that words really do hurt, this is known as â€Å"bullicide†. Many children, teens, and even some adults are victims of physical, verbal, or cyber bullying. Bullying affects victims negatively and can sometimes lead to suicide. Children, parents, and teachers need to work to prevent and end bullying. Bullying is a serious issue that has numerous causes and effects that can sometimes be life changingRead MoreCyber Bullying Research Paper1670 Words   |  7 Pagesforming a Bullying Prevention Coordinating Committee, consisting of representatives from each key stakeholder group such as school administrators, teaching staff, and non-teaching staff, parents, and other local authorities. The Bullying Prevention Coordinating Committee (BPCC) will attend a two-day training to better understand program implementation. The Olweus Student Questionnaire will be administered to all hi gh school students in order to obtain a baseline for the prevalence of bullying. The questionnaireRead MoreTeens as Victims of Cyberbullying1482 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Around half of teens have been the victims of cyber bullies,† Richard Webster from the â€Å"Cyber bullying is when a person or a group is trying to embarrass and harm or intimidate those who are weaker than them†. â€Å"Cyber bullying to texting: What’s on your kids ‘Cell?† What is cyber bullying? The Stop bullying Organization explains what the meaning of cyber bullying is. Cyber bullies are able to use cells phones and the internet to make it very easy bully other people. Lawmakers and Schools shouldRead MoreBullying Is A Social Problem For Decades Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesBullying has been a social problem for decades. Bullying started out with name calling, but today bulling comes in different forms. You find bullying in schools, texts, and social media to name a fe w. The following information provided in this research paper discusses the history of bullying and how the history has shaped bullying today. The paper will provide informative background information about bullying and the definition of bullying. This paper will discuss the roles and skills of the humanRead MoreBullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior.1153 Words   |  5 PagesSummary/Critique Paper Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F.I.M. Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P. (2005). Bullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research, 20(1), 81-91. In this paper, bullying was defined as a form of aggressive behavior or negative actions reoccurring over time between children who bully and those who are victimized (Fekkes, Pijpers, Verloove-Vanhorick, 2005). Furthermore, Fekkes et al. (2005) suggested bullying as aRead MoreStatistical Analysis Paper798 Words   |  4 PagesStatistical Analysis Paper Sheri Tuggle BSHS/435 Research and Statistics in Human Services April 21, 2014 Staci Lowe Statistical Analysis Paper Social workers are interested and concerned with the experiences of people he or she assists or work with, and this makes qualitative research so important. This research method provide social workers with a better understanding of issues and situations. Qualitative research inform social workers about the best wayRead MoreAbstract Bullying1358 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Bullying is a social and psychological issue among animals and humans that emerges in an emotional, verbal, or physical form. Although the issue of bullying among humans has existed for quite some time, recent research of the issue has grown significantly and indicates that bullying takes many forms and effects individuals or groups of different ages, genders, races, geographic locations, and socio-economic status. There are many causes of bullying and the goal of the analysis is to Read MoreCurrent Literature Regarding the History of Bullying Research1254 Words   |  6 PagesAdult bullying at work is shockingly common and very destructive. In an in-depth analysis of 146 organizations worldwide, workplaces evidencing bullying on a relatively routine basis made up 44% of the total analyzed. U.S. studies also suggest alarming prevalence rates. During any given 6 to 12 month period, up to 13 percent of workers are bullied on the job; this increases significantly when counting those bullied anytime during their careers .These numbers translate to millions of workers: AccordingRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects1411 Words   |  6 PagesStudies indicate that cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled in past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not be tolerated. The expansion of communication technologiesRead MoreWorkplace Is A Serious Problem For Nurses Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pageswork environment (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2016). Despite their encouragement, bullying in the workplace is a serious problem for nurses. While there are no federal laws protecting nurses, many states have set forth reg ulations directed at reducing workplace violence. At this time, Colorado does not have any regulations, bills, or laws preventing bullying, incivility, or workplace violence. This paper will propose the introduction of the Healthy Workplace Bill (HWB) to the state of Colorado

Importance and role of radio and tv in nigeria free essay sample

Radio and Television as broadcast media have undoubtedly been of immense influence and have contributed tremendously to national development, specifically Nigeria. The success of these media is unconnected with its message content and large audience. This work aims at giving detailed insight as to how the broadcast media have contributed to national development in Nigeria as well as problems limiting its role. DEFINATION OF TERMS DEVELOPMENT The decades since the end of World War Two have witnessed an unrivalled drive for economic and social development by the majority of the world’s nations. Since the Civil war, development has been synonymous with economic, social, and political change in Nigeria. The Nigerian people, though diversified are united by their commitment for development. In order to understand the whole rationale behind the desire for development we should explain development even though there is no consensus about the meaning of development. Development therefore can be defined as the capacity of a state to increase its human resource with the aim of achieving higher outcome of production for the satisfaction of the basic needs of majority of its citizens and empowering them to make demands on the government. This view of development is purely a later adjustment of the initial view of the concept which was much economic oriented. Development can also be seen as the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. It refers to a change process geared at improving or making better, the life and environment of man. Dudley Sears (1985), posited that development involves the creation of opportunities for the realization of human potentialities. Also, according to the Oxford Dictionary, development means â€Å"a new stage in a changing situation. † To develop is to become more advanced. In the context of a nation, Eapen projected that three major factors must be considered in any discussion on development – economic growth, self reliance, and social justice. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT National development is a term that refers to a sustainable growth and development of a nation to a more desirable one. National development is people oriented and its success is evaluated in terms of the impact it has had in improving the lot of the masses. In defining the concept, the third national development plan of 1980says’’True development must mean the development of man, the unfolding and realization of his creative potentials, enabling him to improve his material conditions of living through the use of resources available to him. It is a process by which mans personality is enhanced. On his own part Enahoro, cited in Onabajo and M’Bayo (2009) says national development should be man oriented and not institution oriented, that is, individually in collectiveness and not individual. To Elugbe, (1994), national development refers among other things, to the growth of the nation in terms of unity, education, economic well being and mass participation in government. Development entails the provision of all the necessary materials and equipments that will guarantee that man in every society make a living and essence out of life. National development involves changes or advancement in a nation aimed at improving the political, economic and social lives of the people. It also involves political, economic and social factors. Development is a qualitative change, which entails changes in the structure of the economy, social environment, and political disposition. The targets of national development are the people, because it is focused on human population. The overall object of national development is human development, the purpose of which is to enlarge people’s choices for greater access to knowledge; better nutrition and health services; more secure livelihoods; security against crime and physical violence; political and cultural freedoms; and a sense of participation in community activities. HISTORY OF RADIO NIGERIA ORIGIN OF RADIO AND TELEVISION IN NIGERIA Origin of Radio in Nigeria The history of radio in Nigeria can be traced back to 1932when a monitoring and listening base was set up in Lagos with the introduction of the Radio Distribution System by the British colonial government under the Department of Post and Telegraphs (PT). The Radio Distribution System (RDS) was a reception base for the British Broadcasting Corporation and a relay station, through wire systems connected to loudspeakers at the listening end of subscribers who paid small subscription fees. This was carried out sequel to a decision by the decision of the British Government in London to link its West African colonies with their mother country, Britain. In 1935, the Radio Distribution System was changed to Radio Diffusion system. The aim was to spread the efforts of Britain and her allies during the Second World War through the BBC. In 1939, the colonial public relation office, later to become Federal Department of Information began supplying the Radio Distribution Station with short cultural programmes featuring Nigerian artiste. Ibadan station was commissioned in 1939, followed by the Kano station in 1944. Later, a re-appraisal of radio broadcast objectives gave birth to the establishment of the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) in 1950. The NBS began broadcast in Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna, Kano and Enugu on short wave and medium wave transmitters. Through a Bill by the House of Representatives, the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) was established in 1956. The NBC took up the responsibilities of radio broadcast in Nigeria. The Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) was established in 1978. In 1962,The Voice of Nigeria (VON) which served as the external service was established . With the creation of more states and each state wanting to propagate its people and culture, the pace for radio broadcast began in Nigeria and has spread fast across the length and breadth of the nation. In 1976, the states were enlarged to 19 by the Federal Military Government of General Murtala Mohammed. Each state was granted the right to establish radio stations on medium wave or AM band while the short wave was reserved for Radio Nigerian stations Lagos, Enugu, Kaduna and Ibadan. 1n 1977, AM/FM was inaugurated as second sound channel and the NBC had its name changed to Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) in 1978 and by 1980, FRCN stations were established in other states. By 1992, Radio broadcasting in Nigeria had attained full fledge development with the removal of government monopoly in radio and television broadcasting. This was signalled by the establishment of NBC Decree No. 38 of 1992 given by the military government of Gen. Ibrahim Babangida. By 1993, licence was given for private broadcasting in Nigeria. Dr. Raymond Dokpesi set the ball rolling in 1994 when he established Nigeria’s first private radio station, Ray Power Radio. Three months later, Minaj Systems Radio was set up by Mike Ajegbo in Anambara state. ORIGIN OF TELEVISION The beginning of what can be termed as proper broadcasting in Nigeria that is the ability to originate and disseminate indigenous local programmes can be traced to the middle of the 20th century when the National Broadcasting Commission’s (NBC) was established on April 1, 1957 as a statutory department of government with the responsibility for putting in place and running extensive radio network capable of providing programmes to any member of public in Nigeria who had access to either a wireless receiving set or a box. The evolution of television in Nigeria followed a similar pattern as that of radio. The irony here is that while it was the Federal Government that started the first radio broadcasting station in the country, it was a regional government that first ventured into television broadcasting, Chief Obafemi Awolowo then premier of western region of Nigeria established the first in Nigeria and indeed Africa in 1959. The birth of the Western Nigerian Television (WNTV) has been described as accidental in so far as chief Awolowo embarked on it due to his inability to use the services of the Federal Radio station to reply to the broadcast of then Governor-General Macpherson over the constitutional matters of 1953. Although the principal aim of establishing the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) as was claimed by the proponents was to serve as surrogate teacher in improving the regional school systems that were handicapped by ill-qualified teachers or a shortage of them in certain subject areas. It would be recalled that chief Awolowo was denied the use of the Federal radio even when the commission’s has an obligation to give objective and impartial news and views to its listeners. Thus angered by this and other related developments and taking into cognizance the 1954 constitutional provision in which broadcasting ceased to be in the federal exclusive list, chief Awolowo established in partnership with overseas Rediffusion Company limited of the United Kingdom, the Western Nigerian Television (WNTV) at Ibadan. The station was operated as an arm of the Western Nigeria broadcasting commission’s which by 1960 has introduced radio broadcast over the whole region. Following the success of the Western Region’s effort, the other two regions in Nigeria then, North and East upon realizing the power and influence of radio and television went on to establish their own broadcast stations. In 1960, the Eastern Regional government set up the Eastern Nigeria Television Station at Enugu. Shortly after in 1962, the Northern Nigerian Regional government and a British Television company- Grenada Electrical Co. CONTRIBUTIONS OF RADIO AND TELEVISION TO NIGERIA’S NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTODUCTION There is no doubt that Radio and Television have an important role to play in society, but how the role is pursued and carried out is a matter of critical importance. Where the broadcast media pursue the role in the face of professionalism, truth, fairness and justice, then the society immensely benefits. The relationship between radio/television and national development has been tested in this study, and found to be positive. Research conducted in various Nigerian societies at different times indicates that the broadcast media play a crucial role in national development. They represent the tool for shaping public opinion; promoting democracy and good governance, influencing behaviour; facilitating nation-building, educating members of society; and promoting policies that guarantee high quality of life. The broadcast media, as vanguards for political, economic and social development, represent a functional organism that carries out a specific role in society. The crucial role played by radio and television in national development is not in doubt. The role covers the political, economic and social spheres. The media set the public agenda and act as the gatekeeper of public issues. For the broadcast media to successfully contribute to national development there are certain roles expected of them. These roles include providing checks and balances in democracy (Fourth Estate), setting public agenda, gate-keeping, watchdog, health enlightenment e. t. c. HEALTH Radio and television helps health workers expand their audience reach, which is crucial considering the fact that face-to-face channels of communication often require too many human resources and reach only a small number of people in large, rural areas especially when radio as a medium is used. The broadcast media provides an important link between the rural residents and vital health information. Environment pollution and ecological imbalances have challenged the life on earth in modern times. Rapid population growth, Urbanization problem of drain, huge stock of garbage, deforestation, evacuation of sarcastic gases from industry and automobiles are some of the reasons of environment pollution. Necessity of clear environment for health and hygiene, need of sanitation, information about birth control devices are brought to the masses through different radio and television programmes. General awareness about the environment and its problems are raised through broadcast programmes. The broadcast media, in the form of the radio and television, are an effective way to persuade target audiences to adopt new behaviours, or to remind them of critical information. Besides keeping the public informed about new diseases and where to seek help, they also propagate various health campaigns such as immunisation campaign. The broadcast media can empower rural populations to fight major causes of infant mortality such as diarrheal, dehydration and diseases which can be prevented through vaccination, inform large numbers of people of seasonal or daily variations for such activities as an immunization campaign or availability of a new product or service, teach new health skills such as how to mix oral rehydration solution, promote new health behaviours such as taking ivermectin once a year, motivate ad hoc or organized listening groups, and increase community acceptance of health workers. Good health is very important to the existence and progress of any society as only healthy people can take part in developmental activities. According to Nwosu, a healthy mind and critical thinking necessary for effective performance for leaders, managers and the masses at large. Good healthis a senequanum for achieving participatory human development. Case Study: Messages for a Vaccination Campaign In order to increase the number of children less than a year old receiving vaccinations in Nigeria, radio and television broadcasts were created because almost everybody utilized one or both media channels. According to a study done later to determine the efficacy of the campaign, using the radio and television resulted in more children being vaccinated on schedule. These results show that in places where people use broadcast media regularly and vaccinations are available, effective radio and television spots can increase vaccination rates and extend the reach of health workers . short rural radio programs can be development by recording local skits and brief interviews with parents. Powerful synergy between two communication channels is achieved when village skits are broadcasting on local radio stations. Radio can be used with great success as health communication tools. Not only are they cheaper and more readily available in rural areas, their programs can also be adapted to suit local needs in terms of language, culture and values. In Nigeria, the use of radio spots or advertisement have been used successfully to combat malaria. Case Study: Using Radio for Diarrheal Disease Control in Nigeria To prevent the deaths of infants and young children from diarrheal, radio broadcasts were used to train health professionals to treat the disease, distribute relevant health materials and set up places where mothers could learn how to prepare medication properly. According to the evaluative study performed later, given a similar level of staff effort but the far greater coverage achieved by radio, it was found that more than twice the number of mothers learned the correct procedure for mixing SSS (the medication) from the radio than did those who learned it from face-to-face communication. This provides strong evidence that the radio campaign was a successful health communication strategy. EDUCATION: Education continues to be a crucial means to national development as a well educated and trained population contribute significantly to the socio-economic development of a country. The broadcast medium sees to the enlightenment of its audience. Through the kind of information relayed, talk shows on topical issues for example sex education, domestic violence, women empowerment etc utility programmes e. g â€Å" productive entrepreneur† aired on 96. 9 cool FM radio which teaches its audience what to do, how to achieve a task etc. Ignorance is therefore alleviated to a large extent as members of the society are enlightened. By this, acts of ignorance and false values which clouded the judgment of broadcast audience are discarded through education posed by both radio and television; members of the society inculcate fundamental values. Enlightened by means of this education citizens develop the capacity to contribute to welfare of the society. Development cannot be conceived in the absence of education nor born in the presence of ignorance. The education given by the broadcast media vary from social values/ acceptable norms, as in distinguishing between good and bad behaviour, developing spirit of tolerance ( anger management) health related issues such as dieting, weight loss, keeping fit etc. By developing the mind of the masses, they are equipped for national building. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: Radio and television can affect politics and culture, support institutional change and development. Communication is not only a tool for the expression of ideas and opinions, but very often acts as catalyst for development of the society. The exercise of free expression allows all sectors to debate and construct solutions for political problems. Some of the areas in which political solutions are sought through the role of the media are discussed below: Democracy and Good Governance: The broadcast media form an important and influential bridge, a crucial channel, between government and people. The right to democratic governance is a fundamental human right to be exercised by people through free and fair elections. Accountability of political leaders to the people; transparency in political, economic and social affairs; recognition of the views and opinions of the public in the formulation of policies; and providing citizens the opportunities to discuss, without fear of intimidation, policies and issues, constitute the measure of good governance. Free, fair and accurate media is essential to a healthy, functioning democracy. Broadcast media are required to enable the public make informed electoral choices; have effective input into public affairs, ensure that the rule of law is upheld; and that the mechanisms designed to check abuses of power can function properly. Overall, the broadcast media therefore act as â€Å"facilitators to check dictators, arrogant leaders and political elites that think they can get away with their actions. This can be achieved through talk shows on radio and television, this creates room for political leaders to be questioned (interviewed) and made to account for their actions and inactions. Phone in programmes on radio gives the common man direct access to their leaders thereby fostering democracy in its true nature. â€Å"Sunrise† on Channels television is a good example of a programme that ensures accountability of public office holders and politicians. The programme invites national dignitaries, interview them and hold them accountable to their office on national television. Proper investigations are made before such interviews and so where there are loopholes, they are thrashed out during interview. Political Transparency: Transparency refers to the political values of openness and democratic accountability. According to Balkin, it encompasses three political virtues; informational, participatory and accountability. The media can make the political system more transparent by helping people understand the operations of government, participate in political decisions, and hold government officials accountable. It is however worthy of note that the media can be manipulated by politicians by diverting audience attention, and supplement politics with new realities that crowd out and eventually displace other political realities and political issues. â€Å"Focus Nigeria† aired on African Independent Television is a good example of a programme which promotes political transparency. Topical issues of political and national interest are dissected, giving the audience better understanding and information on government operations. Human Rights: Human rights are the rights which every human being is entitled to enjoy and to have protected. The media can defend these rights as enshrined in national constitutions and recognised by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Such rights include the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of association, and the right to a fair hearing. By giving voice and information to the people, the media automatically protects the freedom of speech. Media attention can prevent or deter the abuses of human rights by despotic regimes, as was the case of apartheid South Africa, former Yugoslavia and Idi Amin’s Uganda, not always by changing the character of such regimes, but more by focusing international condemnation of their actions. Today in Nigeria, through media enlightenment, citizens have been empowered, and have been able to avoid exploitation and infringement of their rights by legal, political and national authorities e. g The Nigerian Police force. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Radio and television can boost economic development by promoting good governance and empowering citizens, so that economies can function better. The Georgia Economic Developers Association (GEDA) defines economic development as a sustainable process of creating economic opportunity for all citizens; stimulating business investment; diversifying the public revenue base; and enhancing quality of life. Economic development, according to the US Department of Commerce, is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity of a national economy. It is about economic growth, increase in competitiveness, sustainable development, reduction of poverty and inequality, increasing wages and benefits, and industrial policy. The key areas associated with media contribution to economic development are: Business and Investment Environment: For economy to grow, it requires the enabling environment for businesses and investments to flourish. The media can provide atmosphere for healthy trade; foster business climate of transparency and accountability; and ensure that accurate financial information is available to potential investors. Global and foreign media report on international economic issues, currency markets and international trade. The broadcast media can however make or mar the enabling environment. Publications on threats to the national security environment, such as wars, civil unrests, epidemics, violent crimes, corruption etc. , are known to have scared away investors. The consequence could be capital flight, disinvestment, and decline in production and services. Freedom of expression as a fundamental right, must go with corresponding media responsibility. It should be noted that the media, though committed to getting the story right, are also in the business of reporting exciting news to sell. If not well balanced, by taking cognisance of national interest, such news can have a devastating effect on national economy. Through the broadcast media content, economic analysis which are highly informative, are made. Business ideas are sold out to the public, vital information such as how to run a business are relayed. A good example of television programme geared towards national economic development is â€Å"African Born Business† showing on Money Mart Television on channel 17, Daar Sat. Economic Empowerment: The poor and women in Nigeria are usually the economically disadvantaged groups. Radio and television enhances the ability of poor and disenfranchised members of society to make their voices heard. They have the duty to expose the living conditions of the poor and the oppressed, so that the leadership would feel some pressure to act. The broadcast media can also help in sensitizing government programmes on poverty alleviation and economic empowerment, so that public services are made more responsive to the poor. On women, empirical studies show that women’s access to the broadcast media is associated with better income and in addition to better health and fertility outcomes. In situations or places faced with economic meltdown, the broadcast media have proferred solutions severally through proper analysis. The use of Radio and television all over the world has not only reduced the gap of information, but has also contributed to the economic growth of nations, specifically Nigeria. Communication, has contributed to the rapid economic development of various societies in Nigeria. MEDIA AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: The World Bank defines social development as development that is equitable, socially inclusive and therefore sustainable Social development promotes various institutions at all levels that are responsive, accountable and inclusive. It empowers the poor and vulnerable people to participate effectively in development processes. To play a role in social development, Radio and television assist the society in tackling problems of corruption, criminal violence, communal conflicts, public health and related issues. Corruption: Corruption has been seen as the abuse of public power for personal gain or for the benefit of a group to which one owes allegiance. Corruption is said to distort economic and social development. It does so by engendering wrong choices and by encouraging competition in bribery rather than in the quality and price of goods and services. The broadcast media can expose corruption in both the government and corporate sector. According to Stapenhurst, media can act as a force against corruption in ways that are both tangible and intangible. For Ogosoo, it is the key role of radio and television to educate society and expose the acts of corruption. In Nigeria, the broadcast media can broadcast reports which can affect the reputation of key individuals in society and corrupt activities. Since people care about their reputation, the broadcast media attention can provide strong incentives for changing behaviour, therefore about corruption, and secondly, as watchdog, reputational penalties and rewards can be powerful in ensuring accountability toward constituents. There are other external examples in which the broadcast media contributed to ousting of corrupt leaders, such as Presidents Bucaram in Ecuador, Perez in Venezuela, Collar in Brazil, Estrada in Philippines and Nixon in US. Machebu S. as cited by Yakasai A. S. 1996, stated, â€Å"The press in Nigeria can never properly claim to be discharging any significant responsibility if it fails to consistently, describe if not denounce, the countless ways in which the pursuit of wealth corrupts the polity and Compromises our future†. Communal Conflicts: Racial violence; widespread ethnic rivalry and religious intolerance in parts of Nigeria, and widespread prejudice and discrimination against national minorities, are all part of the national news reporting. The outbreak of conflict in Anambara and the simmering conflicts based on religious rivalry and ethnic differences in Nigeria are examples. The most important question therefore is how should the media foster balance in communication when reporting events on conflicts? This is an important challenge to the broadcast media. Free from bias in reporting, the media can play the role of enhancing political stability and national integration, especially in multi-ethnic, multi-religious heterogeneous societies Nigeria. Disasters: The electronic media provide extensive coverage of disasters, particularly those with strong visual impact that is television. Radio and television could broadcast early warnings, evacuation information and increase public awareness about risks and responses for example, the overflow of the river Niger as a result of the opening of the Cameroon dam in 2013. This particular incidence led to flooding of various communities in the eastern region. The major route from Kogi state to Eastern Nigeria was block as a result of flood. People had to be evacuated from their homes temporarily and needed sustenance; food. The broadcast media was swift to report this disaster. Various television coverage was able to show the extent of harm done, the plight of those affected, this led to or instituted nation affection or reaction as relief was sent from various parts of Nigeria to the victims. Also, travellers heading to Eastern Nigeria were adequately informed on the situation of the road and were able to avoid the lane. The broadcast media undoubtedly set the issue as one of national interest, and therefore was treated in that manner. As a medium, one of the most basic applications of the television lies in its ability to portray the devastation of disasters, both as they occur and in their aftermath. Fry identifies major categories of disasters which can harm the welfare of the society; Natural such as such as earthquake, floods, hurricanes and drought; Technological; such as plane crashes, oil spills and nuclear reactor failure. A study in Nigeria compared state government allocations of relief spending and public food distribution during natural disasters. Distribution of relief was greater in states with higher television viewership and radio audience. When disasters occur, the broadcast media play multiple roles: (i) Purvey information on incidents. (ii) They can impact news of impending disaster, convey the effects of events that have taken place or are unfolding. (iii) Natural disaster coverage can lead to political action. (iv) Disaster stories may evoke sympathy, community solidarity, and national action. Peace-Building: Peace-building means strengthening the prospects for peace and weakening the chances of renewed violence in war-torn states of a country. The goal of peace-building is to enhance the capacity of a society to manage its own conflicts without violence. The broadcast media are a force to reckon with in peace-building situation. They clear the way for the enforcement of human rights which are likely to be abused in times of emergency, and these would include protection of women and children against abuse; health and control of epidemics; law and order, specifically exposing and preventing arbitrary arrests, torture and inhuman treatment, etc. The radio is a very good medium for this, programmes such as â€Å"Love Nigeria† on Hot 98. 3 Abuja is popular for its human right activism and instillation of love and patriotism which fosters peace amongst the masses and audience member. In order to ensure a peaceful national coexistence and progress, the broadcast media discourages such negative issues as ethnicity, dictatorship in leadership and of course discourage embezzlement of public funds, as it is the disturbing trend presently indulged by politicians occupying positions of responsibilities and related public officers in Nigeria. Perhaps if the media in Nigeria were carrying out or were allowed to ideally carry out their function of investigating facts and announcing them to the public, the recent suspension of former CBN Governor, Sanusi Lamido over the disappearance of funds NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING: The need of national integration and international understanding is essential in all quarters in modern times. Countries are coming close to each other now-a-days through rapid communication revolution. The sense of unity, co-operation and mutual relation are to be fostered among people to ensure a peaceful living within Nigeria and other parts of the world. TV programmes on the role of UNESCO, UNO and World Bank for international understanding as well as common cultural programmes like Celebration of National Day, Centenary programme e. t. c strengthen national integration and are welcomed in our nation. INCULCATION OF SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL VALUES: Socio-Political and Cultural achievement of the country described through different programmes to foster the sense of brotherhood among the people of different caste, creed and sex. Changing social systems, cultural and political issues are also brought for discussion and debate and exhibition on cultural exchange and political reviews are necessary for preservation of cultural values. Through television programmes, entertainment is brought to people . The role of television and radio are noteworthy for promoting national unity, developing economy and refining socio-cultural life of people. Its great contribution to humanity is education through different programmes content. Constant relay of positive socio-cultural messages can influence the values and political behavioural pattern of citizens. The bro

Watergate Essays (917 words) - Watergate Scandal,

Watergate Watergate, designation of a major U.S. political scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic party's campaign headquarters, later engulfed President Richard M. Nixon and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts, and culminated in the first resignation of a U.S. president. The burglary was committed on June 17, 1972, by five men who were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C. Their arrest eventually uncovered a White House-sponsored plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity that led to many of the highest officials in the land, including former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, and President Nixon himself. On April 30, 1973, nearly a year after the burglary and arrest and following a grand jury investigation of the burglary, Nixon accepted the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman and announced the dismissal of Dean. U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as well. The new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, appointed a special prosecutor, Harvard Law School professor Archibald Cox, to conduct a full-scale investigation of the Watergate break-in. In May 1973 the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities opened hearings, with Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina as chairman. A series of startling revelations followed. Dean testified that Mitchell had ordered the break-in and that a major attempt was under way to hide White House involvement. He claimed that the president had authorized payments to the burglars to keep them quiet. The Nixon administration vehemently denied this assertion. The White House Tapes The testimony of White House aide Alexander Butterfield unlocked the entire investigation. On July 16, 1973, Butterfield told the committee, on nationwide television, that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations; what the president said and when he said it could be verified. Cox immediately subpoenaed eight relevant tapes to confirm Dean's testimony. Nixon refused to release the tapes, claiming they were vital to the national security. U.S. District Court Judge John Sirica ruled that Nixon must give the tapes to Cox, and an appeals court upheld the decision. Nixon held firm. He refused to turn over the tapes and, on Saturday, October 20, 1973, ordered Richardson to dismiss Cox. Richardson refused and resigned instead, as did Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Finally, the solicitor general discharged Cox. A storm of public protest resulted from this "Saturday night massacre." In response, Nixon appointed another special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, a Texas lawyer, and gave the tapes to Sirica. Some subpoenaed conversations were missing, and one tape had a mysterious gap of 181 minutes. Experts determined that the gap was the result of five separate erasures. In March 1974 a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and four other White House officials for their part in the Watergate cover-up and named Nixon as an "unindicted co-conspirator." The following month Jaworski requested and Nixon released written transcripts of 42 more tapes. The conversations revealed an overwhelming concern with punishing political opponents and thwarting the Watergate investigation. In May 1974 Jaworski requested 64 more tapes as evidence in the criminal cases against the indicted officials. Nixon refused; on July 24, the Supreme Court voted 8-0 that Nixon must turn over the tapes. On July 29-30, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment, charging Nixon with misusing his power in order to violate the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens, obstructing justice in the Watergate affair, and defying Judiciary Committee subpoenas. Further Revelations Soon after the Watergate scandal came to light, investigators uncovered a related group of illegal activities: Since 1971 a White House group called the "plumbers" had been doing whatever was necessary to stop leaks to the press. A grand jury indicted Ehrlichman, White House Special Counsel Charles Colson, and others for organizing a break-in and burglary in 1971 of a psychiatrist's office to obtain damaging material against Daniel Ellsberg, who had publicized classified documents called the Pentagon Papers. Investigators also discovered that the Nixon administration had solicited large sums of money in illegal campaign contributions?used to finance political espionage and to pay more than $500,000 to the Watergate burglars?and that certain administration officials had systematically lied about their involvement in the break-in and cover-up. In addition, White House aides testified that in 1972 they had falsified documents to make it appear that President John F. Kennedy had been involved in the 1963 assassination